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在中学物理课程中往在是从实验入手,从实验中归纳出自然现象的因果关系。而归纳因果关系的逻辑方法一般地说有五种。即所谓:“契合法”、“差异法”、“契合差异并用法”、“共变法”、“剩余法”等。我们不妨用“物理学的语言”来说明前三种方法。假定我们做了许多次条件并不完全一样的实验,企图找到某物理现象出现的原因,首先可以运用“契合法”。契合法的基本要领是:在两种或两种以上的实验中如果只有一个条件是相同的,那么这
In the middle school physics curriculum, we started with experiments and summarized the causality of natural phenomena from experiments. In general, there are five logical methods for summarizing cause and effect. The so-called “covenant law”, “difference law”, “combination of differences and usage”, “co-variation”, “residual law” and so on. We may use the “physics language” to explain the first three methods. Assuming that we have done many experiments with conditions that are not exactly the same, trying to find the reasons for the appearance of a certain physical phenomenon, we can first use the “lawfulness”. The basic principle of lawfulness is that if there is only one condition in two or more experiments that is the same, then this