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中国西部地区日照时间长、昼夜温差大、水资源短缺,现有农作物以高原耐寒、沙生、块茎植物为主。传统生产方式存在灌溉水耗较高、种植结构不合理等问题。因此,需要发展节约型农业。文章构建了以经济效益为目标的种植灌溉优化模型,以青海省为例,优化得到其10年后最佳种植结构及灌溉方式,并探讨了农业用水价格变化对结果的影响。结果表明:到2020年该地马铃薯、枸杞、沙棘等旱作沙生植物应扩大种植面积分别至141.4、40.0、200.0万亩并以滴灌为主;油菜、青稞应减少种植面积至250.0、63.1万亩并以喷灌为主;由此可增加经济效益26.5亿元,增幅为12.2%;节水量34.1亿吨,节水幅度为63.8%。在水价变化情况下,鼓励对传统作物应积极建立农业节水补偿机制并推广应变型种植模式。
The western part of China has a long period of sunshine, large temperature difference between day and night, and a shortage of water resources. The existing crops are mainly cold-tolerant, sandy and tuberous plants in the plateau. The traditional method of production has the problems of high irrigation water consumption and irrational planting structure. Therefore, we need to develop conservation-oriented agriculture. In this paper, the optimization model of planting irrigation with the goal of economic benefit is established. Taking Qinghai Province as an example, the optimal planting structure and irrigation pattern after 10 years are optimized, and the effect of agricultural water price change on the result is also discussed. The results showed that: by 2020, potatoes, Chinese wolfberry, sea buckthorn and other dry sandy plants should expand the planting area to 141.4, 4.0 million and 200 thousand mu, respectively, with drip irrigation; rape and barley should reduce the planting area to 250.063.1 million Mu and sprinkler-based; which can increase economic benefits of 2.65 billion yuan, an increase of 12.2%; water 3.41 billion tons, water-saving rate of 63.8%. In the case of changes in water prices, we should encourage the establishment of a compensation mechanism for agricultural water conservation and promote a flexible planting model for traditional crops.