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Abstract It is very important to adopt standardized production technology in the process of maize cultivation, which is conducive to giving full play to the high-yield, high-quality and multi-resistant characteristics of Jinhai 5. This paper standardized the cultivation technology of Jinhai 5 from the aspects of maize seed quality, fertilization before sowing, sowing, seedling management, mid-period management, later management, disease and pest control, and harvesting, so as to provide reference for the standardized production of maize Jinhai 5.
Key words Jinhai 5; Maize; Standardized cultivation
Received: July 23, 2020 Accepted: September 24, 2020
Supported by Agricultural Major Applied Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province.
Lizhi YU (1963-), female, P. R. China, professor, devoted to research about resource and environment.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: 1172851131@sina.com.
The use of standardized production technology in the process of maize cultivation can increase the yield of maize and improve the quality of maize, and is the key to the transformation from traditional agricultural production to profitable agricultural production[1]. The standardized cultivation technology of maize is closely related to the region and variety characteristics, and there are related literatures on the standardized cultivation technology of maize in different regions and maize of different varieties[2-4]. Jinhai 5 is a mid-to-late maturing large-ear maize hybrid with compact plant type, developed root system, strong disease resistance, lodging resistance, and drought resistance. The growth period is about 105 d in the case of summer sowing, the plant height is 257 cm, and the ear height is 87 cm. The number of ear rows is 16 rows. The ear is long cylindrical, with light red cob, and the grains are yellow, and have a 1 000-grain weight of 327 g. It has disease resistance, high yield and good stability. Jinhai 5 requires relatively high soil fertility, and high fertility should be used as a guarantee[5-6]. Jinhai 5 is mainly promoted and applied in the Huanghuaihai area of China. The total promotion area has reached 100 million hm2, and the annual planting area is 667 000 hm2. According to the variety characteristics of Jinhai 5[7-8], the development of standardized cultivation technical regulations will help give full play to the high-yield, high-quality, and multi-resistant characteristics of this variety, and improve its economic and social benefits. Seed quality
The seed quality complies with GB4404.1. The purity is not less than 96%; the germination rate is not less than 90%; the neatness is not less than 99%; and the water content is not more than 13%.
Fertilization before Sowing
The soil-testing formula fertilization technology can be used to determine the application amount of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. Or use the recommended fertilization amount can be adopted. Recommended fertilization: The soil and miscellaneous fertilizer is applied at 15 000 kg/hm2 by evenly spreading, followed by plowing and harrowing; diammonium phosphate 225 kg/hm2, potassium sulfate 225 kg/hm2, and zinc, iron and copper and other trace elements each 7.5 kg/hm2, are mixed well and used as the seed fertilizer.
Sowing
The sowing period is suitable to be May for spring sowing and before June 20 for summer sowing. Sowing moisture requires a relative moisture content of 75% of the soil. When the moisture content is insufficient, it should be improved. The sowing method can be mechanical sowing with equal spacing or large and small rows. When planting in large and small rows, the large row spacing is 80 cm and the small row spacing is 40 cm; when the equal row spacing is adopted, the row spacing is 66 cm. Generally, the suitable density is 52 500 plants/hm2 for general fields, and 60 000 plants/hm2 for high-yield fields.
Seedling Management
Main objectives
The seedling stage is the vegetative growth period when maize roots, stems, nodes and leaves are formed by the differentiation. The main objectives of maize seedling management are full seedlings, tidy seedlings, strong seedlings and promoting root development, so as to lay a solid foundation for growth in the ear-grain stage.
Final singling and thinning
According to the principle of "remove the weak and keep the strong, keep seedlings in the sparse areas and thin seedlings in the dense areas, keep even and strong seedlings", generally, the seedlings are fixed, thinned and supplemented when there are 5 true leaves. One seedling is left in each hole, and the sparse areas can be supplemented with seedlings by transplanting or sowing. When transplanting seedlings with soil, we need to water thoroughly to ensure the survival of the seedlings.
Cultivation and weeding
Combined with fertilization, weeding is performed for 1 to 2 times, while properly cultivating the soil. Cultivation requires shallow next to the seedlings, deep in the row, shallow before the final singling and deep after the final singling. Topdressing
Topdressing is performed at the stage of 5 to 6 leaves. Combined with watering, urea was applied at 112.5-150 kg/hm2 in furrows formed between borders with a depth of 15 cm, and covered with soil after application.
Water management
Irrigation is carried out in time according to soil moisture. In the case of water accumulation on rainy days, deep trenches should be formed to discharge the accumulated water in time.
Management in middle period
Management goal in middle period
The period when vegetative growth and reproductive growth go hand in hand is the period that determines the size of the ear and the number of grains. The management goal is to improve stalks and ears, and strictly prevent water shortage and defertilization.
Topdressing
The stalk fertilizer is applied at the stage of 8 to 9 leaves using compound fertilizer 150 kg/hm2 and potassium chloride 112.5 kg/hm2, accounting for about 25% of the total fertilizing amount. The ear fertilizer is applied at the stage of 14 to 15 leaves using compound fertilizer 300 kg/hm2 and potassium chloride 150 kg/hm2, accounting for about 35% of the total fertilizing amount. During the fertilizer application, ditches are formed between borders, and the fertilizers are applied about 15 cm deep, and covered with soil after application.
Moisture management
Maize requires a lot of water from jointing to heading. Before and after tasseling is the critical period of water demand for maize. At this time, water-deficient maize has poor growth and uncoordinated male and female flowering periods, which will cause baldness, lack of seeds or empty stalks. To ensure suitable soil water content, the soil water holding capacity should be kept at 70% to 80%. On rainy days, attention should be paid to drainage and flood prevention.
Cultivation and banking
In order to prevent soil compaction, eliminate weeds, improve the growth function of the root system, and promote the multiple and deep rooting of the root system, intertillage and soil cultivation should be carried out according to the soil and weed conditions. Generally, 1 to 2 times of cultivating are carried out before tasseling. Deep cultivating is carried out between rows to cut off part of the hair roots to stimulate multiple new roots and enhance drought and lodging resistance. In the "big bell mouth" period before tasseling, shallow cultivating is carried out once again while raising high soil ridges. Management in the late period
Management goal in late period
The period from tasseling to maturity is the main period of vegetative growth, which is the key period for determining the number of effective ears, the number of seeds per ear, and the grain weight. The management goal is mainly to promote more grains and full grains.
Topdressing
Urea should be supplemented at 150 kg/hm2 timely.
Moisture management
Irrigation should be performed timely in the heading, flowering, and filling periods of maize according to the soil moisture to meet the plant’s water requirements, and it is better to irrigate with running water, which is drained then. On rainy days, attention should be paid to drainage and flood prevention.
Disease and Pest Control
Control principle
We should adhere to the "prevention first, comprehensive control" plant protection policy, and comprehensively use ecological control, light and yellow board trapping, scientific drug use and other techniques for prevention and control.
Ecological regulation
It is advisable to choose coated seeds, and uncoated seeds should be sun-dried for 1-2 d in early spring; and when the sun is strong in summer, the seeds can be sun-dried for 1-2 h. The soil is plowed to a depth of 20-25 cm before planting to bury the pests and diseases deeply to reduce the occurrence of diseases and pests. Fertilizers should be applied reasonably by the formula fertilization technology, and organic fertilizer can be applied at an increased rate. It is necessary to apply heavy base fertilizer, early apply seedling fertilizer, and apply heavy ear fertilizer.
Insecticidal lamp trapping
One insecticidal lamp is installed every 2 hm2 to kill phototaxis adults such as maize borers, armyworms, cotton bollworms, cutworms, etc., and the trapped pests should be cleaned up in time.
Color board trapping
Yellow boards can be hung according to 300 to 450 pieces of yellow boards per hm2, to trap and kill aphids and other pests.
Chemical control
Leaf spot and rust can be controlled by spraying 500 times dilution of 50% carbendazim. Sheath blight can be controlled by spraying 500 times dilution of 5% Jinggangmycin 500. Maize borers and armyworms can be controlled by 2 000 times dilution of 10% cypermethrin together with 800 times dilution of Bt powder. Maize aphids can be controlled by spraying 3 000 times dilution of 20% confidor. Cotton bollworms can be controlled by spraying 800 times dilution of Bt powder together with 800 times dilution of Tianli powder. Harvesting
The ears should be harvested in time when more than 95% of the ear bracts in the field turn white and the black layer at the bottom of grains has formed.
References
[1] LI YJ. Standardized cultivation techniques for improving quality and efficiency of maize[J]. Nong Cun Shi Yong Ke Ji Xin Xi, 2014(12): 17. (in Chinese)
[2] GOU GZ. Standardized cultivation techniques of sweet glutinous corn in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi[J]. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, 2016(1): 45, 50.
[3] DU JN. Technical model of mountain maize standardization in Xuanhan County, Sichuan Province[J]. Beijing Agriculture, 2015, 37.
[4] MA XF, XUE JQ, YANG XJ. Standardized planting techniques of corn on beach water land in Yulin City[J]. Shaanxi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2014(9): 128-129.
[5] GAO LX, GUO ZW. High-yield cultivation techniques of maize Jinhai 5[J]. Nongye Zhishi: Zhifu Yu Nongzi, 2008(4): 12-13.
[6] ZHANG SY, MOU XH, LIN JC. High-yield cultivation techniques of maize Jinhai 5[J]. Seed World, 2006(6): 45.
[7] ZHAI YJ, DENG SL. A new high-yield, high-quality, special-purpose corn variety—Jinhai 5[J]. Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2005, 10: 55.
[8] ZHANG HS, WU PB, ZHAI YJ, et al. Effects of close planting on yield and quality of maize variety Jinhai 5[J]. China Seed Industry, 2008(12): 62-63.
Editor: Yingzhi GUANG Proofreader: Xinxiu ZHU
Key words Jinhai 5; Maize; Standardized cultivation
Received: July 23, 2020 Accepted: September 24, 2020
Supported by Agricultural Major Applied Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province.
Lizhi YU (1963-), female, P. R. China, professor, devoted to research about resource and environment.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: 1172851131@sina.com.
The use of standardized production technology in the process of maize cultivation can increase the yield of maize and improve the quality of maize, and is the key to the transformation from traditional agricultural production to profitable agricultural production[1]. The standardized cultivation technology of maize is closely related to the region and variety characteristics, and there are related literatures on the standardized cultivation technology of maize in different regions and maize of different varieties[2-4]. Jinhai 5 is a mid-to-late maturing large-ear maize hybrid with compact plant type, developed root system, strong disease resistance, lodging resistance, and drought resistance. The growth period is about 105 d in the case of summer sowing, the plant height is 257 cm, and the ear height is 87 cm. The number of ear rows is 16 rows. The ear is long cylindrical, with light red cob, and the grains are yellow, and have a 1 000-grain weight of 327 g. It has disease resistance, high yield and good stability. Jinhai 5 requires relatively high soil fertility, and high fertility should be used as a guarantee[5-6]. Jinhai 5 is mainly promoted and applied in the Huanghuaihai area of China. The total promotion area has reached 100 million hm2, and the annual planting area is 667 000 hm2. According to the variety characteristics of Jinhai 5[7-8], the development of standardized cultivation technical regulations will help give full play to the high-yield, high-quality, and multi-resistant characteristics of this variety, and improve its economic and social benefits. Seed quality
The seed quality complies with GB4404.1. The purity is not less than 96%; the germination rate is not less than 90%; the neatness is not less than 99%; and the water content is not more than 13%.
Fertilization before Sowing
The soil-testing formula fertilization technology can be used to determine the application amount of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. Or use the recommended fertilization amount can be adopted. Recommended fertilization: The soil and miscellaneous fertilizer is applied at 15 000 kg/hm2 by evenly spreading, followed by plowing and harrowing; diammonium phosphate 225 kg/hm2, potassium sulfate 225 kg/hm2, and zinc, iron and copper and other trace elements each 7.5 kg/hm2, are mixed well and used as the seed fertilizer.
Sowing
The sowing period is suitable to be May for spring sowing and before June 20 for summer sowing. Sowing moisture requires a relative moisture content of 75% of the soil. When the moisture content is insufficient, it should be improved. The sowing method can be mechanical sowing with equal spacing or large and small rows. When planting in large and small rows, the large row spacing is 80 cm and the small row spacing is 40 cm; when the equal row spacing is adopted, the row spacing is 66 cm. Generally, the suitable density is 52 500 plants/hm2 for general fields, and 60 000 plants/hm2 for high-yield fields.
Seedling Management
Main objectives
The seedling stage is the vegetative growth period when maize roots, stems, nodes and leaves are formed by the differentiation. The main objectives of maize seedling management are full seedlings, tidy seedlings, strong seedlings and promoting root development, so as to lay a solid foundation for growth in the ear-grain stage.
Final singling and thinning
According to the principle of "remove the weak and keep the strong, keep seedlings in the sparse areas and thin seedlings in the dense areas, keep even and strong seedlings", generally, the seedlings are fixed, thinned and supplemented when there are 5 true leaves. One seedling is left in each hole, and the sparse areas can be supplemented with seedlings by transplanting or sowing. When transplanting seedlings with soil, we need to water thoroughly to ensure the survival of the seedlings.
Cultivation and weeding
Combined with fertilization, weeding is performed for 1 to 2 times, while properly cultivating the soil. Cultivation requires shallow next to the seedlings, deep in the row, shallow before the final singling and deep after the final singling. Topdressing
Topdressing is performed at the stage of 5 to 6 leaves. Combined with watering, urea was applied at 112.5-150 kg/hm2 in furrows formed between borders with a depth of 15 cm, and covered with soil after application.
Water management
Irrigation is carried out in time according to soil moisture. In the case of water accumulation on rainy days, deep trenches should be formed to discharge the accumulated water in time.
Management in middle period
Management goal in middle period
The period when vegetative growth and reproductive growth go hand in hand is the period that determines the size of the ear and the number of grains. The management goal is to improve stalks and ears, and strictly prevent water shortage and defertilization.
Topdressing
The stalk fertilizer is applied at the stage of 8 to 9 leaves using compound fertilizer 150 kg/hm2 and potassium chloride 112.5 kg/hm2, accounting for about 25% of the total fertilizing amount. The ear fertilizer is applied at the stage of 14 to 15 leaves using compound fertilizer 300 kg/hm2 and potassium chloride 150 kg/hm2, accounting for about 35% of the total fertilizing amount. During the fertilizer application, ditches are formed between borders, and the fertilizers are applied about 15 cm deep, and covered with soil after application.
Moisture management
Maize requires a lot of water from jointing to heading. Before and after tasseling is the critical period of water demand for maize. At this time, water-deficient maize has poor growth and uncoordinated male and female flowering periods, which will cause baldness, lack of seeds or empty stalks. To ensure suitable soil water content, the soil water holding capacity should be kept at 70% to 80%. On rainy days, attention should be paid to drainage and flood prevention.
Cultivation and banking
In order to prevent soil compaction, eliminate weeds, improve the growth function of the root system, and promote the multiple and deep rooting of the root system, intertillage and soil cultivation should be carried out according to the soil and weed conditions. Generally, 1 to 2 times of cultivating are carried out before tasseling. Deep cultivating is carried out between rows to cut off part of the hair roots to stimulate multiple new roots and enhance drought and lodging resistance. In the "big bell mouth" period before tasseling, shallow cultivating is carried out once again while raising high soil ridges. Management in the late period
Management goal in late period
The period from tasseling to maturity is the main period of vegetative growth, which is the key period for determining the number of effective ears, the number of seeds per ear, and the grain weight. The management goal is mainly to promote more grains and full grains.
Topdressing
Urea should be supplemented at 150 kg/hm2 timely.
Moisture management
Irrigation should be performed timely in the heading, flowering, and filling periods of maize according to the soil moisture to meet the plant’s water requirements, and it is better to irrigate with running water, which is drained then. On rainy days, attention should be paid to drainage and flood prevention.
Disease and Pest Control
Control principle
We should adhere to the "prevention first, comprehensive control" plant protection policy, and comprehensively use ecological control, light and yellow board trapping, scientific drug use and other techniques for prevention and control.
Ecological regulation
It is advisable to choose coated seeds, and uncoated seeds should be sun-dried for 1-2 d in early spring; and when the sun is strong in summer, the seeds can be sun-dried for 1-2 h. The soil is plowed to a depth of 20-25 cm before planting to bury the pests and diseases deeply to reduce the occurrence of diseases and pests. Fertilizers should be applied reasonably by the formula fertilization technology, and organic fertilizer can be applied at an increased rate. It is necessary to apply heavy base fertilizer, early apply seedling fertilizer, and apply heavy ear fertilizer.
Insecticidal lamp trapping
One insecticidal lamp is installed every 2 hm2 to kill phototaxis adults such as maize borers, armyworms, cotton bollworms, cutworms, etc., and the trapped pests should be cleaned up in time.
Color board trapping
Yellow boards can be hung according to 300 to 450 pieces of yellow boards per hm2, to trap and kill aphids and other pests.
Chemical control
Leaf spot and rust can be controlled by spraying 500 times dilution of 50% carbendazim. Sheath blight can be controlled by spraying 500 times dilution of 5% Jinggangmycin 500. Maize borers and armyworms can be controlled by 2 000 times dilution of 10% cypermethrin together with 800 times dilution of Bt powder. Maize aphids can be controlled by spraying 3 000 times dilution of 20% confidor. Cotton bollworms can be controlled by spraying 800 times dilution of Bt powder together with 800 times dilution of Tianli powder. Harvesting
The ears should be harvested in time when more than 95% of the ear bracts in the field turn white and the black layer at the bottom of grains has formed.
References
[1] LI YJ. Standardized cultivation techniques for improving quality and efficiency of maize[J]. Nong Cun Shi Yong Ke Ji Xin Xi, 2014(12): 17. (in Chinese)
[2] GOU GZ. Standardized cultivation techniques of sweet glutinous corn in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi[J]. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, 2016(1): 45, 50.
[3] DU JN. Technical model of mountain maize standardization in Xuanhan County, Sichuan Province[J]. Beijing Agriculture, 2015, 37.
[4] MA XF, XUE JQ, YANG XJ. Standardized planting techniques of corn on beach water land in Yulin City[J]. Shaanxi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2014(9): 128-129.
[5] GAO LX, GUO ZW. High-yield cultivation techniques of maize Jinhai 5[J]. Nongye Zhishi: Zhifu Yu Nongzi, 2008(4): 12-13.
[6] ZHANG SY, MOU XH, LIN JC. High-yield cultivation techniques of maize Jinhai 5[J]. Seed World, 2006(6): 45.
[7] ZHAI YJ, DENG SL. A new high-yield, high-quality, special-purpose corn variety—Jinhai 5[J]. Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2005, 10: 55.
[8] ZHANG HS, WU PB, ZHAI YJ, et al. Effects of close planting on yield and quality of maize variety Jinhai 5[J]. China Seed Industry, 2008(12): 62-63.
Editor: Yingzhi GUANG Proofreader: Xinxiu ZHU