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[摘要] 目的 探讨阴道超声(TVS)软性指标对子宫内膜异位症诊断的临床应用价值。 方法 采用前瞻性研究的方法对有症状且卵巢大小正常的经腹腔镜检查确诊的子宫内膜异位症患者118例进行TVS检测,选取相关的TVS软性指标,评价其是否可以应用于子宫内膜异位症的诊断。 结果 TVS各项软性指标敏感度、特异性和准确度分别为卵巢固定于子宫(81.2%、88.5%和83.2%)、卵巢固定于髂动脉(53.5%、97.2%和73.4%)、两侧卵巢不在同一水平(83.3%、88.4%和95.9%)、左侧卵巢较高(79.9%、90.4%和83.5%)、右侧卵巢较高(4.3%、9.0%和7.1%)、左侧卵巢不可见(56.3%、86.6%和70.2%)、超声波柔和(68.3%、81.2%和73.3%)和卵巢囊肿(27.3%、86.5%和53.3%)。其中,卵巢固定于子宫、卵巢固定于髂动脉、两侧卵巢不在同一水平、左侧卵巢较高、左侧卵巢不可见、超声波柔和与子宫内膜异位症呈显著相关性(r=0.673,0.379,0.686,0.627,0.352,0.447;P=0.003,0.031,0.002,0.003,0.041, 0.033)。 结论 TVS软性指标卵巢固定于子宫、卵巢固定于髂动脉、两侧卵巢不在同一水平、左侧卵巢较高、左侧卵巢不可见、超声波柔和可以用作子宫内膜异位症的临床诊断。
[关键词] 经阴道超声;子宫内膜异位症;软性指标
[中图分类号] R445.1 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2015)20-0107-04
The clinical value of transvaginal sonography soft markers in diagnosing endometriosis
WU Yunqiu1 JIN Mei1 HE Lilan1 HUANG Anqian2
1.Department of Special Inspection, Jianggan District People’s Hospital of Hangzhou City in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310021, China; 2.Department of Ultrasound, First People’s Hospital of Hangzhou City in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the clinical value of transvaginal sonography soft markers in diagnosing endometriosis. Methods Foresight analysis were performed on 118 endometriosis patients with symptoms suggestive of endometriosis and normal ovarians size who were diagnosed with laparoscopy. TVS and relative soft markers were used to analysis the relevance with endometriosis. Results The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for each soft markers were ovarian fixation to uterus (81.2%, 88.5%, 83.2%), ovarian fixation to iliac vessels (53.5%, 97.2%, 73.4%), ovaries not on the same level (83.3%, 88.4%, 95.9%), left ovary is higher (79.9%, 90.4%, 83.5%), right ovary is higher (4.3%, 9.0%, 7.1%), non visualization of left ovary (56.3%, 86.6%, 70.2%), tender ultrasound (68.3%, 81.2%, 73.4%) and peritoneal cyst (27.3%, 86.5%, 53.3%). Among them ovarian fixation to uterus, ovarian fixation to iliac vessels, ovaries not on the same level, left ovary is higher, non visualization of left ovary, tender ultrasound were related with endometriosis obviously (r=0.673, 0.379, 0.686, 0.627, 0.352, 0.447; P=0.003, 0.031, 0.002, 0.003, 0.041, 0.033). Conclusion TVS soft markers ovarian fixation to uterus, ovarian fixation to iliac vessels, ovaries not on the same level, left ovary is higher, non visualization of left ovary, tender ultrasound can be used to diagnose the endometriosis.
[Key words] Transvaginal sonography; Endometriosis; Soft markers 本研究结果显示,子宫内膜异位症TVS软性指标诊断率为45.8%(54/118),假阳性率为9.3%(11/118),假阴性率为7.6%(9/118)。TVS各软性指标敏感度、特异性和准确度分别为:卵巢固定于子宫(81.2%,88.5%,83.2%)、卵巢固定于髂动脉(53.5%,97.2%,73.4%)、两侧卵巢不在同一水平(83.3%,88.4%,95.9%)、左侧卵巢较高(79.9%,90.4%,83.5%)、右侧卵巢较高(4.3%,9.0%,7.1%)、左侧卵巢不可见(56.3%,86.6%,70.2%)、超声波柔和(68.3%,81.2%,73.3%)和卵巢囊肿(27.3%, 86.5%,53.3%)。以上结果与Hudelist等[17,18]学者的研究结果稍有不同,可能是由于子宫内膜异位症的流行病学的差异、疾病的严重程度及研究方法的不同而引起。相关性分析结果显示,在上述8个软性指标中,卵巢固定于子宫、卵巢固定于髂动脉、两侧卵巢不在同一水平、左侧卵巢较高、左侧卵巢不可见和超声波柔和与子宫内膜异位症显著相关(P<0.05)。
有研究发现,卵巢移动性是用来判别骨盆粘连最准确的指标[19],本研究采用探针施压的方法来检查卵巢的移动性,发现该方法检测卵巢移动性因不受患者自身状态的影响因此更为准确。研究报道称卵巢活动性差的更易呈现柔和超声波[20],与本研究结果相一致,卵巢活动性差及超声波柔和均与子宫内膜异位症显著相关。左侧卵巢较高可能是由于左侧存在乙状结肠,较易在左侧腹膜发生反复的炎症,使腹膜缩短而无法覆盖左侧漏斗骨盆韧带导致左侧卵巢上升[17,18],而在子宫内膜异位症患者中由于周围反曲粘附而无法出现上述现象。本研究结果显示与子宫内膜异位症显著相关的6个TVS软性指标可以单独或联合应用来诊断子宫内膜异位症。而其余的TVS软性指标(右侧卵巢较高和卵巢囊肿)与子宫内膜异位症相关性、敏感度等均较低,可以作为诊断子宫内膜异位症的理想的负性指标。
综上所述,上述TVS软性指标因其与子宫内膜异位症具有较高的相关性、安全性、花费低等优点是用来诊断子宫内膜异位症的良好方法。因此,我们推荐使用上述呈现显著相关性的6个TVS软性指标用于诊断子宫内膜异位症,以减少腹腔镜检查对患者造成的危害。然而仍然存在一定的不足,即操作过程中受医务人员的技术熟练程度影响较大。因此,医院应该注重医务人员技术的培训以提高该方法用于子宫内膜异位症的准确性。
[参考文献]
[1] Saba L,Guerriero S,Sulcis,et al. MRI and tenderness guided transvaginal ultrasongraphy in the diagnosis of recto-sigmoid endometriosis[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2012,35(2):352-360.
[2] Kisser S,Marx K,Scholtes,et al. Predisposition of subtle endometriotic lessions predominantly on the left side assessed by transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL)[J]. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol,2011,158(2):285-288.
[3] Benacerraf BR,Groszmann Y. Sonography should be the first imaging examination done to evaluate patients with suspected endometriosis[J]. J Ultrasound Med,2012,31(4):651-653.
[4] Exacoustos C,Malzoni M,Di Giovanni A,et al. Ultrasound mapping system for the surgical management of deep infiltrating endometriosis[J]. Fertil Steril,2014,102(1):143-150.
[5] Leone R,Maggiore U,Scala C,et al. Endometriotic ovarian cysts do not negatively affect the rate of spontaneous ovulation[J]. Hum Reprod,2015,30(2):299-307.
[6] Reid S,Lu C,Casikar I,et al. Prediction of pouch of Douglas obliteration in women with suspected endometriosis using a new real-time dynamic transvaginal ultrasound technique:The sliding sign[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2013,41(6):685-691.
[7] Plessens S,Healey M,Maher P,et al. Can anyone screen for deep infiltrating endometriosis with transvaginal ultrasound?[J]. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol,2014,54(5):462-468.
[8] Holland TK,Hoo WL,Mavrelos D,et al. Reproducibility of assessment of severity of pelvic endometriosis using transvaginal ultrasound[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2013, 41(2):210-215. [9] Sharma K,Bora MK,Varghese,et al. Role of transvaginal ultrasound and Doppler in diagnosis of pelvic congestion syndrome[J]. J Clin Diagn Res,2014,8(7):OD05-07.
[10] Fratelli N,Scioscia M,Bassi E,et al. Transvaginal sonography for preoperative assessment of deep endometriosis[J].J Clin Ultrasound,2013,41(2):69-75.
[11] Lee KH,Kim CH,Lee YJ,et al. Surgical resection or aspiration with ethanol sclerotherapy of endometrioma before in vitro fertilization infertilie women with endometrioma[J]. Obstet Gynecol Sci,2014,57(4):297-303.
[12] Exacoustos C,Luciano D,Corbett B,et al. The uterine junctional zone:A 3-dimensional ultrasound study of patients with endometriosis[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol,2013, 209(3):248e1-248e7.
[13] Philip CA,Bisch C,Coulon A,et al. Three-dimensional sonorectography:A new transvaginal ultrasound technique with intrarectal contrast to assess colorectal endometriosis[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2015,45(2):233-235.
[14] Vimercati A,Achilarre MT,Scardapane A,et al. Accuracy of transvaginal sonography and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance-colonography for the presurgical staging of deep infiltrating endometriosis[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2012,40(5):592-603.
[15] Bergamini V,Ghezzi F,Scarperi S,et al. Preoperative assessment of intestinal endometriosis:A comparison of transvaginal sonography with water-contrast in the rectum, transrectal sonography, and barium enema[J]. Abdom Imaging, 2010, 35(6):732-736.
[16] Saccardi C,Cosmi E,Borghero A. Comparison between transvaginal sonography,saline contrast sonovaginography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of posterior deep infiltrating endometriosis[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2012, 40(4):464-469.
[17] Hudelist G,Ballard K,English J,et al. Transvaginal sonography vs. clinical examination in the preoperative diagnosis of deep infiltrating endometriosis[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2011,37(4):480-487.
[18] Hudelist G,English J,Thomas AE,et al. Diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound for non-invasive diagnosis of bowel endometriosis:Systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2011,37(3):257-263.
[19] Holland TK,Yazbek J,Cutner A,et al. Value of transvaginal ultrasound in assessing severity of pelvic endometriosis[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2010,36(2):241-248.
[20] Savelli L,Manuzzi L,Coe M,et al. Comparison of transvaginal sonography and double-contrast barium enema for diagnosing deep infiltrating endometriosis of the posterior compartment[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2011,38(4):466-471.
(收稿日期:2015-01-27)
[关键词] 经阴道超声;子宫内膜异位症;软性指标
[中图分类号] R445.1 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2015)20-0107-04
The clinical value of transvaginal sonography soft markers in diagnosing endometriosis
WU Yunqiu1 JIN Mei1 HE Lilan1 HUANG Anqian2
1.Department of Special Inspection, Jianggan District People’s Hospital of Hangzhou City in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310021, China; 2.Department of Ultrasound, First People’s Hospital of Hangzhou City in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the clinical value of transvaginal sonography soft markers in diagnosing endometriosis. Methods Foresight analysis were performed on 118 endometriosis patients with symptoms suggestive of endometriosis and normal ovarians size who were diagnosed with laparoscopy. TVS and relative soft markers were used to analysis the relevance with endometriosis. Results The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for each soft markers were ovarian fixation to uterus (81.2%, 88.5%, 83.2%), ovarian fixation to iliac vessels (53.5%, 97.2%, 73.4%), ovaries not on the same level (83.3%, 88.4%, 95.9%), left ovary is higher (79.9%, 90.4%, 83.5%), right ovary is higher (4.3%, 9.0%, 7.1%), non visualization of left ovary (56.3%, 86.6%, 70.2%), tender ultrasound (68.3%, 81.2%, 73.4%) and peritoneal cyst (27.3%, 86.5%, 53.3%). Among them ovarian fixation to uterus, ovarian fixation to iliac vessels, ovaries not on the same level, left ovary is higher, non visualization of left ovary, tender ultrasound were related with endometriosis obviously (r=0.673, 0.379, 0.686, 0.627, 0.352, 0.447; P=0.003, 0.031, 0.002, 0.003, 0.041, 0.033). Conclusion TVS soft markers ovarian fixation to uterus, ovarian fixation to iliac vessels, ovaries not on the same level, left ovary is higher, non visualization of left ovary, tender ultrasound can be used to diagnose the endometriosis.
[Key words] Transvaginal sonography; Endometriosis; Soft markers 本研究结果显示,子宫内膜异位症TVS软性指标诊断率为45.8%(54/118),假阳性率为9.3%(11/118),假阴性率为7.6%(9/118)。TVS各软性指标敏感度、特异性和准确度分别为:卵巢固定于子宫(81.2%,88.5%,83.2%)、卵巢固定于髂动脉(53.5%,97.2%,73.4%)、两侧卵巢不在同一水平(83.3%,88.4%,95.9%)、左侧卵巢较高(79.9%,90.4%,83.5%)、右侧卵巢较高(4.3%,9.0%,7.1%)、左侧卵巢不可见(56.3%,86.6%,70.2%)、超声波柔和(68.3%,81.2%,73.3%)和卵巢囊肿(27.3%, 86.5%,53.3%)。以上结果与Hudelist等[17,18]学者的研究结果稍有不同,可能是由于子宫内膜异位症的流行病学的差异、疾病的严重程度及研究方法的不同而引起。相关性分析结果显示,在上述8个软性指标中,卵巢固定于子宫、卵巢固定于髂动脉、两侧卵巢不在同一水平、左侧卵巢较高、左侧卵巢不可见和超声波柔和与子宫内膜异位症显著相关(P<0.05)。
有研究发现,卵巢移动性是用来判别骨盆粘连最准确的指标[19],本研究采用探针施压的方法来检查卵巢的移动性,发现该方法检测卵巢移动性因不受患者自身状态的影响因此更为准确。研究报道称卵巢活动性差的更易呈现柔和超声波[20],与本研究结果相一致,卵巢活动性差及超声波柔和均与子宫内膜异位症显著相关。左侧卵巢较高可能是由于左侧存在乙状结肠,较易在左侧腹膜发生反复的炎症,使腹膜缩短而无法覆盖左侧漏斗骨盆韧带导致左侧卵巢上升[17,18],而在子宫内膜异位症患者中由于周围反曲粘附而无法出现上述现象。本研究结果显示与子宫内膜异位症显著相关的6个TVS软性指标可以单独或联合应用来诊断子宫内膜异位症。而其余的TVS软性指标(右侧卵巢较高和卵巢囊肿)与子宫内膜异位症相关性、敏感度等均较低,可以作为诊断子宫内膜异位症的理想的负性指标。
综上所述,上述TVS软性指标因其与子宫内膜异位症具有较高的相关性、安全性、花费低等优点是用来诊断子宫内膜异位症的良好方法。因此,我们推荐使用上述呈现显著相关性的6个TVS软性指标用于诊断子宫内膜异位症,以减少腹腔镜检查对患者造成的危害。然而仍然存在一定的不足,即操作过程中受医务人员的技术熟练程度影响较大。因此,医院应该注重医务人员技术的培训以提高该方法用于子宫内膜异位症的准确性。
[参考文献]
[1] Saba L,Guerriero S,Sulcis,et al. MRI and tenderness guided transvaginal ultrasongraphy in the diagnosis of recto-sigmoid endometriosis[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2012,35(2):352-360.
[2] Kisser S,Marx K,Scholtes,et al. Predisposition of subtle endometriotic lessions predominantly on the left side assessed by transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL)[J]. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol,2011,158(2):285-288.
[3] Benacerraf BR,Groszmann Y. Sonography should be the first imaging examination done to evaluate patients with suspected endometriosis[J]. J Ultrasound Med,2012,31(4):651-653.
[4] Exacoustos C,Malzoni M,Di Giovanni A,et al. Ultrasound mapping system for the surgical management of deep infiltrating endometriosis[J]. Fertil Steril,2014,102(1):143-150.
[5] Leone R,Maggiore U,Scala C,et al. Endometriotic ovarian cysts do not negatively affect the rate of spontaneous ovulation[J]. Hum Reprod,2015,30(2):299-307.
[6] Reid S,Lu C,Casikar I,et al. Prediction of pouch of Douglas obliteration in women with suspected endometriosis using a new real-time dynamic transvaginal ultrasound technique:The sliding sign[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2013,41(6):685-691.
[7] Plessens S,Healey M,Maher P,et al. Can anyone screen for deep infiltrating endometriosis with transvaginal ultrasound?[J]. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol,2014,54(5):462-468.
[8] Holland TK,Hoo WL,Mavrelos D,et al. Reproducibility of assessment of severity of pelvic endometriosis using transvaginal ultrasound[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2013, 41(2):210-215. [9] Sharma K,Bora MK,Varghese,et al. Role of transvaginal ultrasound and Doppler in diagnosis of pelvic congestion syndrome[J]. J Clin Diagn Res,2014,8(7):OD05-07.
[10] Fratelli N,Scioscia M,Bassi E,et al. Transvaginal sonography for preoperative assessment of deep endometriosis[J].J Clin Ultrasound,2013,41(2):69-75.
[11] Lee KH,Kim CH,Lee YJ,et al. Surgical resection or aspiration with ethanol sclerotherapy of endometrioma before in vitro fertilization infertilie women with endometrioma[J]. Obstet Gynecol Sci,2014,57(4):297-303.
[12] Exacoustos C,Luciano D,Corbett B,et al. The uterine junctional zone:A 3-dimensional ultrasound study of patients with endometriosis[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol,2013, 209(3):248e1-248e7.
[13] Philip CA,Bisch C,Coulon A,et al. Three-dimensional sonorectography:A new transvaginal ultrasound technique with intrarectal contrast to assess colorectal endometriosis[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2015,45(2):233-235.
[14] Vimercati A,Achilarre MT,Scardapane A,et al. Accuracy of transvaginal sonography and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance-colonography for the presurgical staging of deep infiltrating endometriosis[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2012,40(5):592-603.
[15] Bergamini V,Ghezzi F,Scarperi S,et al. Preoperative assessment of intestinal endometriosis:A comparison of transvaginal sonography with water-contrast in the rectum, transrectal sonography, and barium enema[J]. Abdom Imaging, 2010, 35(6):732-736.
[16] Saccardi C,Cosmi E,Borghero A. Comparison between transvaginal sonography,saline contrast sonovaginography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of posterior deep infiltrating endometriosis[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2012, 40(4):464-469.
[17] Hudelist G,Ballard K,English J,et al. Transvaginal sonography vs. clinical examination in the preoperative diagnosis of deep infiltrating endometriosis[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2011,37(4):480-487.
[18] Hudelist G,English J,Thomas AE,et al. Diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound for non-invasive diagnosis of bowel endometriosis:Systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2011,37(3):257-263.
[19] Holland TK,Yazbek J,Cutner A,et al. Value of transvaginal ultrasound in assessing severity of pelvic endometriosis[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2010,36(2):241-248.
[20] Savelli L,Manuzzi L,Coe M,et al. Comparison of transvaginal sonography and double-contrast barium enema for diagnosing deep infiltrating endometriosis of the posterior compartment[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2011,38(4):466-471.
(收稿日期:2015-01-27)