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计划与市场的关系问题,曾经是1979—1992年间中国经济理论界讨论和争鸣的核心问题。1992年邓小平同志“南巡讲话”中明确指出计划和市场都是手段,中共“十四大”明确提出“社会主义市场经济”这一改革的目标模式以后,有关计划与市场关系的讨论日趋式微。这一方面是由于,中共“十四大”有关社会主义市场经济即“市场在资源配置中起基础性作用”的经济这一命题从理论上给予市场以明确的定位,因而给计划与市场关系问题上的理论论争和实践探索作出了明确的理论结论。另一方面,理论界的注意力被吸引到如何构建社会主义市场经济体制的问题。计划与市场的关系问题逐渐被理论界忽视了。问题在于,计划与市场的关系问题是不应该被排斥在社会主义经济理论研究视野之外的。一方面,从理论上看,忽视计划与市场的关系的探讨,体现了这样一种思维误区,即“计划与市场都是手段”的观点以及“社会主义市场经济”体制目标模式的提出,解决了长期以来令经济学家感兴趣的计划与市场之争。另一方面,从实践上看,社会主义市场经济体制的构建,不仅涉及到原有计划体制的改革问题,而且更重要的是涉及到新的计划机制的构建问题。既然计划也是资源配置手段,那么,市场经济条件下需要什么样的计划手段,如何处理计划与市场的关系,就是社会主义市场经济体制构建中不能回避的现实问题。本文认为,1979年以来,对计划经济市场关系的理论与实践探索过程,是中国社会主义经济道路探索的重要组成部分,其成果对于推动近20年来经济改革与发展具有重大理论与实践意义。但是,计划与市场关系的理论与实践探索远未完成。在理论层面,有关计划与市场及其关系的观念还需进一步更新。在实践层面,处理计划与市场关系的模式尚未从根本上形成。
The issue of the relationship between the plan and the market was once the core issue for discussion and contention in China’s economic theory circles during 1979-1992. In 1992, Comrade Deng Xiaoping and his speech on “Southbound Tours” made it clear that planning and the market are all means. After the target mode of reform of the “socialist market economy” was explicitly put forward by the “14” National Congress of the Communist Party of China, The discussion of market relations is becoming less and less. This is partly due to the fact that the proposition of the Communist Party of China on the economic development of the socialist market economy, that is, “the market plays a fundamental role in the allocation of resources,” has theoretically given the market a clear positioning and hence Plan and market relations on the issue of theory and practice of exploration to make a clear theoretical conclusion. On the other hand, the attention of theorists is drawn to how to build a socialist market economy. The relationship between the plan and the market has gradually been ignored by theorists. The problem is that the issue of the relationship between the plan and the market should not be excluded from the vision of socialist economic theory. On the one hand, from a theoretical point of view, the discussion of ignoring the relationship between planning and the market embodies such a misunderstanding of thinking that “both planning and the market are means” and “the target system of the socialist market economy” Proposed to solve the controversy between the plan and the market, which economists have long been interested in. On the other hand, from a practical point of view, the construction of the socialist market economic system involves not only the reform of the original planning system, but more importantly involves the construction of a new planning mechanism. Since planning is also a means of resource allocation, what kind of planning measures are required under market economy and how to deal with the relationship between planning and markets is an unavoidable practical problem in the construction of the socialist market economic system. This article argues that since 1979, the exploration of the theory and practice of the planned economy market is an important part of the exploration of China’s socialist economic road. Its achievements have great theoretical and practical significance for promoting the economic reform and development in the past 20 years. However, the theoretical and practical exploration of the relationship between planning and the market is far from complete. At the theoretical level, ideas about planning and markets and their relationships need to be further updated. At the practical level, the model for dealing with the relationship between planning and the market has not yet taken shape.