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据设在法国格勒诺布尔社会科学大学的生产与开发问题经济研究所(IRPED)从事的一项调查透露,法国采取了各种途径来实现大学与工业界的研究开发活动之间的挂钩。负责这项调查的研究人员(以伯纳德·列维迪和恩里克·布伦纳特为首)指出,许多大学的实验室要想进入市场是十分困难的。从事法国研究开发服务的买卖交易的市场是由大公司所把持了的;这个市场十分复杂,许多大学因为缺乏这方面交易的经验,往往不得其门而入。按交易额计算,这些大学只获得了法国工业界转包的研究开发活动的7％。大学与工业界间的联系主要表现在少数几所大学与工业公司和机构签订的合同。这些公
According to a survey conducted by the Institute of Economics and Production and Development at the Institute of Economics of Production and Development (IRPED) at the Social Science University of Grenoble, France, France has taken various avenues to link research and development activities between universities and industry. The researchers in charge of the survey, led by Bernard Levydy and Henrique Brenner, point out that it is very difficult for many university laboratories to enter the market. The market for buying and selling deals for research and development services in France is dominated by big companies; the market is complex and many universities often can not get in the way because of a lack of experience in trading in this area. In terms of transaction value, these universities only received 7% of the research and development activities subcontracted by the French industry. The connection between the university and the industry is mainly manifested in the contracts signed by a few universities with industrial companies and institutions. These public