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CtaSper通道是目前公认的哺乳动物精子细胞膜上最重要的Ca~(2+)通道,对精子运动、精子超活化和受精功能起着关键作用。Cat Sper蛋白只表达于精子尾部主段,由CatSper1-4和5个辅助单元β、γ、δ、ε和ζ构成。CatSper蛋白是Ca~(2+)功能结构域的主体,在时空上均有序调控精子尾部蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化(P-Tyr),维持了精子超活化运动。CatSper~(-/-)小鼠超活化表现为早发式、爆发式、散发式,能量很快耗尽,超活化提前终止。胞内p H值、膜电位、类固醇激素、多种蛋白质、环腺苷酸类似物等通过调控CatSper通道参与精子超活化、精子游动至受精部位和穿透卵子外膜。近年来,许多研究证实CatSper蛋白功能缺陷会严重影响精子功能,9个CatSper亚基的中任何一个丢失最终导致男性生育功能障碍。本文结合目前最新研究进展,从CatSper蛋白表达、定位、结构、调控等多角度就CatSper对精子超活化和男性不育的影响进行综述。
CtaSper channel is currently recognized as the most important Ca 2+ channel in the mammalian sperm cell membrane and plays a key role in sperm motility, sperm hyperactivation and fertilization. Cat Sper protein is only expressed in the sperm tail main segment, and consists of CatSper1-4 and five accessory units β, γ, δ, ε and ζ. CatSper protein is the main body of Ca ~ (2+) functional domain and regulates sperm tail tyrosine phosphorylation (P-Tyr) orderly in time and space, maintaining sperm motility. CatSper ~ (- / -) mice showed hyperactivation as early-onset, explosive, exuding, energy depletion and early termination of hyperactivation. Intracellular p H, membrane potential, steroid hormones, a variety of proteins, cyclic adenosine analogues and so on through the regulation of CatSper channel involved in sperm hyperactivation, sperm migration to the fertilization site and penetrate the outer membrane of the egg. In recent years, many studies have demonstrated that defects in CatSper protein can severely affect sperm function, and loss of any one of the nine CatSper subunits eventually leads to male reproductive dysfunction. In this paper, we reviewed the current research progress and reviewed the effects of CatSper on sperm hyperactivation and male infertility from the aspects of CatSper protein expression, localization, structure and regulation.