Objective To retrospectively analyze the relationship between curve types and clinical results in surgical treatment of scoliosis in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1).Methods Forty-five patients with scoliosis resulting from NF-1 were treated surgically from 1984 to 2002. Mean age at operation was 14.2 years. There were 6 nondystrophic curves and 39 dystrophic curves depended on their radiographic features. According to their apical vertebrae location, the dystrophic curves were divided into three subgroups: thoracic curve (apical vertebra at T8 or above), thoracolumbar curve (apical vertebra below T8 and above L1), and lumber curve (apical vertebra at L1 and below). Posterior spine fusion, combined anterior and posterior spine fusion were administrated based on the type and location of the curves. Mean follow-up was 6.8 years. Clinical and radiological manifestations were investigated and results were assessed.Results Three patients with muscle weakness of low extremities recovered entirely. Two patients with dystrophic lumbar curve maintained their low back pain the same as preoperatively. The mean coronal and sagittal Cobb′s angle in nondystrophic curves was 80.3° and 61.7° before operation, 30.7° and 36.9° after operation, and 32.9° and 42.1° at follow-up,respectively. In dystrophic thoracic curves, preoperative Cobbs angle in coronal and sagittal plane was 96.5° and 79.8°,postoperative 49.3°and 41.7°, follow-up 54.1° and 45.3°, respectively. In thoracolumbar curves, preoperative Cobbs angle in coronal and sagittal plane was 75.0° and 47.5°, postoperative 31.2° and 22.8°, follow-up 37.5° and 27.8°, respectively. In lumbar curves preoperative Cobbs angle in coronal plane was 55.3°, postoperative 19.3°, and follow-up 32.1 °. Six patients with dystrophic curves had his or her curve deteriorated more than 10 degrees at follow-up. Three of them were in the thoracic subgroup and their kyphosis was larger than 95 degrees, and three in lumbar subgroup. Hardware failure occurred in 3cases. Six patients had 7 revision procedures totally.Conclusions Posterior spinal fusion is effective for most dystrophic thoracic curves in patients whose kyphosis is less than 95 degrees. Combined anterior and posterior spinal fusion is stronger recommended for patients whose kyphosis is larger than 95 degrees and those whose apical vertebra is located below T8. Patients should be informed that repeated spine fusion might be necessary even after combined anterior and posterior spine fusion.