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【摘要】 目的:研究低溫环境下使用小剂量罗哌卡因行神经刺激仪联合超声引导腋路臂丛神经阻滞的临床效果。方法:选取本院2017年1-3月收治的需行前臂及手部手术患者120例,采用双盲随机分组将患者分为Ⅰ组(室温组)、Ⅱ组(低温组)、Ⅲ组(低温小容量组),每组40例。采用高频超声行腋路臂丛神经扫描,神经刺激器穿刺针在高频超声的实时监控下进针到达目标神经,经神经刺激仪(0.4 mA,2 Hz,0.1 ms)引出相应的目标肌肉运动,确定目标神经后,分别在桡神经、正中神经、尺神经、肌皮神经周围注入预设量的局麻药。Ⅰ组每一支神经注射室温0.4%罗哌卡因10 mL;Ⅱ组注射4 ℃ 0.4%罗哌卡因10 mL;Ⅲ组注射4 ℃ 0.4%罗哌卡因6 mL。观察各组阻滞起效时间、麻醉效果、臂丛阻滞并发症、止血带反应的发生例数等。结果:Ⅱ组平均麻醉时间显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组平均麻醉时间介于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Ⅰ组麻醉后桡神经、正中神经、尺神经、肌皮神经阻滞起效时间均明显长于Ⅲ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组桡神经阻滞起效时间和肌皮神经均明显短于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组的各类神经阻滞时间比较中,除Ⅲ组尺神经阻滞起效时间明显短于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),其他神经阻滞起效时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);三组均无穿刺部位明显血肿、误刺血管、局麻药中毒等严重麻醉并发症发生。结论:使用低温小容量罗哌卡因行神经刺激仪联合超声引导腋路臂丛神经阻滞较常温使用常规量麻醉起效时间更快,有效缩短了患者手术麻醉等待时间,且平均麻醉时间略长于常温使用常规量,而小于低温常规量,不会导致麻醉时间过短,且无严重麻醉并发症发生,是一种高效安全的临床麻醉方式,值得临床推广使用。
【关键词】 低温; 罗哌卡因; 神经刺激仪; 超声成像; 腋路臂丛神经阻滞
Clinical Study of Low Temperature and Low-dose Ropivacaine for Nerve Stimulator Combined with Ultrasound Guided Axillary Brachial Plexus Block/LIN Zhuo-peng,LIU Nian,LI Hui-dong,et al.//Medical Innovation of China,2017,14(26):094-097
【Abstract】 Objective:To study the clinical effect of low-dose Ropivacaine for nerve stimulator combined with ultrasound stimulated axillary brachial plexus block in low temperature environment.Method:From January 2017 to March 2017 treated in our hospital 120 patients of forearm and hand surgery were selected,according to the method of double-blind randomization,they were divided into Ⅰ group(room temperature group),Ⅱ group(hypothermia group),Ⅲ group(low temperature and low-dose group),40 cases in each group.Used high frequency ultrasound line road axillary brachial plexus scanning,nerve stimulator needle under the real-time monitoring of high frequency ultrasound in the needle to the target nerves,the nerve stimulator(0.4 mA,2 Hz,0.1 ms) leads to the corresponding target muscle movement,determine the target nerve,respectively in the radial nerve,median nerve,ulnar nerve and musculocutaneous nerve around a predetermined amount of local anesthetic injection.
Ⅰ group each nerve was given 0.4% Ropivacaine 10 mL at room temperature,Ⅱ group was given 4 ℃ and 0.4% Ropivacaine 10 mL,Ⅲ group was given 4 ℃ and 0.4% Ropivacaine 6 mL.The onset time of anesthesia,anesthetic effect,complications of brachial plexus block,and the number of cases of tourniquet reaction of three groups were observed.Result:Average anesthesia time of Ⅱgroup was obviously higher than that of I group (P<0.05),Ⅲ group was between Ⅰ group and Ⅱ group,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05),the onset time of radial nerve,median nerve,ulnar nerve and musculocutaneous nerve block of Ⅰ group were significantly longer than those of Ⅲ group(P<0.05),the onset time of ulnar nerve block of Ⅱ group was shorter than that of Ⅰ group(P<0.05),all kinds of nerve block time was compared of Ⅲ group and Ⅱ group,ulnar nerve block working time of Ⅲ group was obviously shorter than that of Ⅱ group(P<0.05),the difference was not statistically significant in the duration of other nerve blocks(P>0.05).All patients had no obvious puncture site hematoma,missed blood vessels,local anesthetic poisoning and other serious anesthesia complications.Conclusion:Low-dose Ropivacaine combined with ultrasound-guided ultrasonography guided axillary brachial plexus block at low temperature using normal doses anesthesia onset time faster,effectively shorten the patient anesthesia waiting time,and the average anesthesia time slightly longer than the normal temperature using conventional,and less than the normal amount of low temperature,will not lead to anesthesia time is too short,and no serious anesthesia complications,is a highly efficient and safe clinical anesthesia,it is worthy of clinical promotion. 【Key words】 Low temperature; Ropivacaine; Nerve stimulation instrument; Ultrasound imaging;Axillary brachial plexus block
First-author’s address:Heping Surgical Hospital in Shunde District of Foshan City,Foshan 528308,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.26.024
腋路臂叢神经阻滞(axillary brachial plexus block)是指由腋路将局麻药注入臂丛神经干周围,产生阻滞该神经所支配区域的麻醉效果[1],因其穿刺点比起肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞更不易靠近中枢神经,也没有锁骨上入路那样靠近肺尖,故手术不良发生率低[2],且操作简单更易为临床麻醉医师接受,但由于传统腋路臂丛阻滞,不能提供有效的肌皮神经的阻滞效果,且前臂外侧和腕部常常阻滞不全,甚至术中常出现止血带反应等棘手问题,限制了该方法的临床应用。随着成像技术的进步,国内外愈来愈多腋路臂丛神经阻滞联合应用超声和神经刺激仪,超声引导下可清晰显示各支神经并实施阻滞,阻滞效果确切可靠,并能适量减少局麻药用量,减少局麻药中毒的风险[3-4],但国内外对于局麻药剂量的减少程度尚未有统一标准。本研究除探究超声联合神经刺激仪行腋路臂丛神经阻滞时的局麻药(罗哌卡因)剂量,更加入新操作条件-局部降温,探讨低温小容量罗哌卡因行神经刺激仪联合超声引导腋路臂丛神经阻滞的临床实用效果,为临床提供一种更为安全有效的麻醉途径,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取本院2017年1-3月收治的需行前臂及手部手术患者120例,年龄18~60岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,凝血功能正常,无精神疾病,无语言及听力障碍,麻醉侧上肢无神经损伤、畸形病史。采用双盲随机分组将患者分为Ⅰ组(室温组)、Ⅱ组(低温组)、Ⅲ组(低温小容量组),各40例。三组患者一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。
1.2 麻醉方法 所有患者入室后均常规吸氧并连接多功能监护仪监测HR、ECG与SpO2,常规开放外周静脉通道,患者仰卧位,上肢外展90°。将高频线状探头放置于胸大肌与肱二头肌交点,探头扫描呈矢状面且与腋动脉走行相垂直。在超声图像上识别搏动的腋动脉,以及与动脉相伴行的腋静脉,加压探头可使静脉闭合。腋动脉周围可见臂丛神经的分支,它们在超声图像显示为中间呈低回声、外周呈高回声的小圆圈结构。采用长轴平面内技术,联合应用神经刺激仪(0.4 mA,2 Hz,0.1 ms),穿刺针由超声探头外侧进针,采用多点注射技术分别阻滞位于动脉后外侧的桡神经、上内方的尺神经、上外方的正中神经,以及位于肱二头肌及喙肱肌肌筋膜之间的肌皮神经。Ⅰ组每一支神经注射室温0.4%罗哌卡因10 mL;Ⅱ组每一支神经注射4 ℃ 0.4%罗哌卡因10 mL;Ⅲ组每一支神经注射4 ℃ 0.4%罗哌卡因6 mL。确认注药前回抽无血、无气体,分次缓慢注入局麻药,阻滞过程中询问患者是否有不适表现,并密切观察患者麻醉前后心血管指标,警惕发生局麻药毒性反应。
1.3 观察指标与评定标准 观察各组阻滞起效时间、麻醉效果、臂丛阻滞并发症、止血带反应的发生例数等。根据患者对手术刺激的反应,麻醉效果分为:优:手术时完全无痛;良:手术时轻微疼痛,需辅以镇静药;差:手术时剧烈疼痛,需追加臂丛神经阻滞、局部麻醉或辅助大量镇痛药方能完成手术。观察记录出血及血肿、局麻药毒性反应、霍纳综合征、神经损伤等并发症。
1.4 统计学处理 采用SPSS 13.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析,计量资料以(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,比较采用 字2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 三组麻醉效果和平均麻醉时间比较 Ⅱ组平均麻醉时间显著长于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组平均麻醉时间介于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);三组麻醉效果均无“差”等级,优良例数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Ⅲ组因手术时间过长导致麻醉效果消退而出现止血带反应患者1例,无法进行统计学比较。见表2。
2.2 三组桡神经、正中神经、尺神经、肌皮神经阻滞起效时间比较 Ⅰ组麻醉后桡神经、正中神经、尺神经、肌皮神经阻滞起效时间均明显长于Ⅲ组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Ⅱ组正中神经和尺神经阻滞起效时间与Ⅰ组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);Ⅱ组桡神经和肌皮神经阻滞起效时间均明显短于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组各类神经阻滞时间比较中,除尺神经阻滞起效时间明显短于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),其他神经阻滞起效时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3。
2.3 三组并发症比较 三组均无穿刺部位明显血肿、误刺血管、局麻药中毒等严重麻醉并发症发生。
3 讨论
臂丛神经是由C5~8和T1神经组成,而大多数人的正中神经位于腋动脉的后外侧[5],而桡神经则位于腋动脉的正后方,尺神经则在前内侧,肌皮神经位于腋动脉的的后外侧[6],故在进行穿刺时,易伤及血管导致麻醉并发症。神经刺激仪联合超声引导下行腋路臂丛神经阻滞,可以对神经进行成像、精确定位,对神经丛的每个神经周围进行多次注射[7-8],使阻滞速度更快,减少或避免了既往采用盲探阻滞多种并发症的发生,增加安全性、有效性、准确率和成功率,为患者提供更为舒适的的麻醉方法,本研究中,三组均无穿刺部位明显血肿、误刺血管、局麻药中毒等严重麻醉并发症发生,进一步证实了超声联合神经刺激仪的有效性。罗哌卡因相对其它局麻药对运动神经的阻滞程度较低,且阻滞持续时间亦较为适中[9-10],但其麻醉毒性较小,被广泛用于四肢手术的麻醉,但长时间手术中需连续给药,当血药浓度过高时可出现中枢神经系统中毒症状,故在手术麻醉时,应尽量减少罗哌卡因的剂量[11-12]。而对患者麻醉区域进行低温处理,可使局部血管收缩,减少局麻药的入血,增强其外周神经阻滞效果[13]。有研究表明,温血动物在6~7 ℃时,神经纤维的传导将被阻断出现类似局麻药的效果[14-15],故本研究选取4 ℃作为研究温度。 本研究中,Ⅰ组麻醉后桡神经、正中神经、尺神经、肌皮神经阻滞起效时间均明显长于Ⅲ组(P<0.05);Ⅱ组正中神经和尺神经阻滞起效时间与Ⅰ组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);
Ⅱ组桡神经和肌皮神经阻滞起效时间均明显短于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组各类神经阻滞时间比较中,Ⅲ组尺神经阻滞起效时间明显短于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),其他神经阻滞起效时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。有研究表明,低温、小容量局麻药相结合,使局麻药的冷溶液减慢神经活动电位的传导速度[16-17],可以缩短麻醉起效时间,减少局麻药用量,大大减少局麻药毒性反应发生率,提高了麻醉安全及质量[18]。本研究结果显示,Ⅱ组平均麻醉时间明显高于Ⅰ组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);
Ⅲ组平均麻醉时间介于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),说明Ⅲ组麻醉时间适中。另外从卫生经济管理学角度来看,此方法可直接或间接的提高手术间的使用率及手术室的整体通过率[19]。超声机器的购置成本可能看起来很昂贵,从长远来看,使用超声最终还是节约成本的有效方法,包括减低人力成本,材料成本和医疗纠纷诉讼相关费用[20]。
综上所述,低温环境下使用小剂量罗哌卡因行神经刺激仪联合超声引导腋路臂丛神经阻滞的临床实用效果显著,但罗哌卡因的剂量减少程度仍需后期实验探讨补充。
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(收稿日期:2017-05-15) (本文编辑:程旭然)
【关键词】 低温; 罗哌卡因; 神经刺激仪; 超声成像; 腋路臂丛神经阻滞
Clinical Study of Low Temperature and Low-dose Ropivacaine for Nerve Stimulator Combined with Ultrasound Guided Axillary Brachial Plexus Block/LIN Zhuo-peng,LIU Nian,LI Hui-dong,et al.//Medical Innovation of China,2017,14(26):094-097
【Abstract】 Objective:To study the clinical effect of low-dose Ropivacaine for nerve stimulator combined with ultrasound stimulated axillary brachial plexus block in low temperature environment.Method:From January 2017 to March 2017 treated in our hospital 120 patients of forearm and hand surgery were selected,according to the method of double-blind randomization,they were divided into Ⅰ group(room temperature group),Ⅱ group(hypothermia group),Ⅲ group(low temperature and low-dose group),40 cases in each group.Used high frequency ultrasound line road axillary brachial plexus scanning,nerve stimulator needle under the real-time monitoring of high frequency ultrasound in the needle to the target nerves,the nerve stimulator(0.4 mA,2 Hz,0.1 ms) leads to the corresponding target muscle movement,determine the target nerve,respectively in the radial nerve,median nerve,ulnar nerve and musculocutaneous nerve around a predetermined amount of local anesthetic injection.
Ⅰ group each nerve was given 0.4% Ropivacaine 10 mL at room temperature,Ⅱ group was given 4 ℃ and 0.4% Ropivacaine 10 mL,Ⅲ group was given 4 ℃ and 0.4% Ropivacaine 6 mL.The onset time of anesthesia,anesthetic effect,complications of brachial plexus block,and the number of cases of tourniquet reaction of three groups were observed.Result:Average anesthesia time of Ⅱgroup was obviously higher than that of I group (P<0.05),Ⅲ group was between Ⅰ group and Ⅱ group,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05),the onset time of radial nerve,median nerve,ulnar nerve and musculocutaneous nerve block of Ⅰ group were significantly longer than those of Ⅲ group(P<0.05),the onset time of ulnar nerve block of Ⅱ group was shorter than that of Ⅰ group(P<0.05),all kinds of nerve block time was compared of Ⅲ group and Ⅱ group,ulnar nerve block working time of Ⅲ group was obviously shorter than that of Ⅱ group(P<0.05),the difference was not statistically significant in the duration of other nerve blocks(P>0.05).All patients had no obvious puncture site hematoma,missed blood vessels,local anesthetic poisoning and other serious anesthesia complications.Conclusion:Low-dose Ropivacaine combined with ultrasound-guided ultrasonography guided axillary brachial plexus block at low temperature using normal doses anesthesia onset time faster,effectively shorten the patient anesthesia waiting time,and the average anesthesia time slightly longer than the normal temperature using conventional,and less than the normal amount of low temperature,will not lead to anesthesia time is too short,and no serious anesthesia complications,is a highly efficient and safe clinical anesthesia,it is worthy of clinical promotion. 【Key words】 Low temperature; Ropivacaine; Nerve stimulation instrument; Ultrasound imaging;Axillary brachial plexus block
First-author’s address:Heping Surgical Hospital in Shunde District of Foshan City,Foshan 528308,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.26.024
腋路臂叢神经阻滞(axillary brachial plexus block)是指由腋路将局麻药注入臂丛神经干周围,产生阻滞该神经所支配区域的麻醉效果[1],因其穿刺点比起肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞更不易靠近中枢神经,也没有锁骨上入路那样靠近肺尖,故手术不良发生率低[2],且操作简单更易为临床麻醉医师接受,但由于传统腋路臂丛阻滞,不能提供有效的肌皮神经的阻滞效果,且前臂外侧和腕部常常阻滞不全,甚至术中常出现止血带反应等棘手问题,限制了该方法的临床应用。随着成像技术的进步,国内外愈来愈多腋路臂丛神经阻滞联合应用超声和神经刺激仪,超声引导下可清晰显示各支神经并实施阻滞,阻滞效果确切可靠,并能适量减少局麻药用量,减少局麻药中毒的风险[3-4],但国内外对于局麻药剂量的减少程度尚未有统一标准。本研究除探究超声联合神经刺激仪行腋路臂丛神经阻滞时的局麻药(罗哌卡因)剂量,更加入新操作条件-局部降温,探讨低温小容量罗哌卡因行神经刺激仪联合超声引导腋路臂丛神经阻滞的临床实用效果,为临床提供一种更为安全有效的麻醉途径,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取本院2017年1-3月收治的需行前臂及手部手术患者120例,年龄18~60岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,凝血功能正常,无精神疾病,无语言及听力障碍,麻醉侧上肢无神经损伤、畸形病史。采用双盲随机分组将患者分为Ⅰ组(室温组)、Ⅱ组(低温组)、Ⅲ组(低温小容量组),各40例。三组患者一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。
1.2 麻醉方法 所有患者入室后均常规吸氧并连接多功能监护仪监测HR、ECG与SpO2,常规开放外周静脉通道,患者仰卧位,上肢外展90°。将高频线状探头放置于胸大肌与肱二头肌交点,探头扫描呈矢状面且与腋动脉走行相垂直。在超声图像上识别搏动的腋动脉,以及与动脉相伴行的腋静脉,加压探头可使静脉闭合。腋动脉周围可见臂丛神经的分支,它们在超声图像显示为中间呈低回声、外周呈高回声的小圆圈结构。采用长轴平面内技术,联合应用神经刺激仪(0.4 mA,2 Hz,0.1 ms),穿刺针由超声探头外侧进针,采用多点注射技术分别阻滞位于动脉后外侧的桡神经、上内方的尺神经、上外方的正中神经,以及位于肱二头肌及喙肱肌肌筋膜之间的肌皮神经。Ⅰ组每一支神经注射室温0.4%罗哌卡因10 mL;Ⅱ组每一支神经注射4 ℃ 0.4%罗哌卡因10 mL;Ⅲ组每一支神经注射4 ℃ 0.4%罗哌卡因6 mL。确认注药前回抽无血、无气体,分次缓慢注入局麻药,阻滞过程中询问患者是否有不适表现,并密切观察患者麻醉前后心血管指标,警惕发生局麻药毒性反应。
1.3 观察指标与评定标准 观察各组阻滞起效时间、麻醉效果、臂丛阻滞并发症、止血带反应的发生例数等。根据患者对手术刺激的反应,麻醉效果分为:优:手术时完全无痛;良:手术时轻微疼痛,需辅以镇静药;差:手术时剧烈疼痛,需追加臂丛神经阻滞、局部麻醉或辅助大量镇痛药方能完成手术。观察记录出血及血肿、局麻药毒性反应、霍纳综合征、神经损伤等并发症。
1.4 统计学处理 采用SPSS 13.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析,计量资料以(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,比较采用 字2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 三组麻醉效果和平均麻醉时间比较 Ⅱ组平均麻醉时间显著长于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组平均麻醉时间介于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);三组麻醉效果均无“差”等级,优良例数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Ⅲ组因手术时间过长导致麻醉效果消退而出现止血带反应患者1例,无法进行统计学比较。见表2。
2.2 三组桡神经、正中神经、尺神经、肌皮神经阻滞起效时间比较 Ⅰ组麻醉后桡神经、正中神经、尺神经、肌皮神经阻滞起效时间均明显长于Ⅲ组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Ⅱ组正中神经和尺神经阻滞起效时间与Ⅰ组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);Ⅱ组桡神经和肌皮神经阻滞起效时间均明显短于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组各类神经阻滞时间比较中,除尺神经阻滞起效时间明显短于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),其他神经阻滞起效时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3。
2.3 三组并发症比较 三组均无穿刺部位明显血肿、误刺血管、局麻药中毒等严重麻醉并发症发生。
3 讨论
臂丛神经是由C5~8和T1神经组成,而大多数人的正中神经位于腋动脉的后外侧[5],而桡神经则位于腋动脉的正后方,尺神经则在前内侧,肌皮神经位于腋动脉的的后外侧[6],故在进行穿刺时,易伤及血管导致麻醉并发症。神经刺激仪联合超声引导下行腋路臂丛神经阻滞,可以对神经进行成像、精确定位,对神经丛的每个神经周围进行多次注射[7-8],使阻滞速度更快,减少或避免了既往采用盲探阻滞多种并发症的发生,增加安全性、有效性、准确率和成功率,为患者提供更为舒适的的麻醉方法,本研究中,三组均无穿刺部位明显血肿、误刺血管、局麻药中毒等严重麻醉并发症发生,进一步证实了超声联合神经刺激仪的有效性。罗哌卡因相对其它局麻药对运动神经的阻滞程度较低,且阻滞持续时间亦较为适中[9-10],但其麻醉毒性较小,被广泛用于四肢手术的麻醉,但长时间手术中需连续给药,当血药浓度过高时可出现中枢神经系统中毒症状,故在手术麻醉时,应尽量减少罗哌卡因的剂量[11-12]。而对患者麻醉区域进行低温处理,可使局部血管收缩,减少局麻药的入血,增强其外周神经阻滞效果[13]。有研究表明,温血动物在6~7 ℃时,神经纤维的传导将被阻断出现类似局麻药的效果[14-15],故本研究选取4 ℃作为研究温度。 本研究中,Ⅰ组麻醉后桡神经、正中神经、尺神经、肌皮神经阻滞起效时间均明显长于Ⅲ组(P<0.05);Ⅱ组正中神经和尺神经阻滞起效时间与Ⅰ组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);
Ⅱ组桡神经和肌皮神经阻滞起效时间均明显短于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组各类神经阻滞时间比较中,Ⅲ组尺神经阻滞起效时间明显短于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),其他神经阻滞起效时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。有研究表明,低温、小容量局麻药相结合,使局麻药的冷溶液减慢神经活动电位的传导速度[16-17],可以缩短麻醉起效时间,减少局麻药用量,大大减少局麻药毒性反应发生率,提高了麻醉安全及质量[18]。本研究结果显示,Ⅱ组平均麻醉时间明显高于Ⅰ组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);
Ⅲ组平均麻醉时间介于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),说明Ⅲ组麻醉时间适中。另外从卫生经济管理学角度来看,此方法可直接或间接的提高手术间的使用率及手术室的整体通过率[19]。超声机器的购置成本可能看起来很昂贵,从长远来看,使用超声最终还是节约成本的有效方法,包括减低人力成本,材料成本和医疗纠纷诉讼相关费用[20]。
综上所述,低温环境下使用小剂量罗哌卡因行神经刺激仪联合超声引导腋路臂丛神经阻滞的临床实用效果显著,但罗哌卡因的剂量减少程度仍需后期实验探讨补充。
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(收稿日期:2017-05-15) (本文编辑:程旭然)