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以蒸汽机为标志的第一次工业革命实现了社会生产从工场手工业到机器大工业的飞跃,生产力得到突飞猛进的发展;第二次工业革命把人类社会带入电气时代,生产力再次空前提升。随着生产力的提高和生产规模的扩大,资源消耗急剧增长,资源相对不足日益暴露。自20世纪70年代开始,经济增长过程消耗越来越多的自然资源,经济决策越来越限制于自然资源的有限性。如何在资源约束下使得现有的经济增长模式持续成为经济增长的一大问题。
The first industrial revolution, marked by a steam engine, brought about a leap in social production from the workshop handicraft industry to the machine-large industry. Productivity gained rapid progress. The second industrial revolution brought human society into the electrical age and boosted productivity once again. With the improvement of productivity and the expansion of production scale, the consumption of resources has risen sharply and the relative lack of resources has become increasingly exposed. Since the 1970s, economic growth has consumed more and more natural resources and economic policy has been increasingly confined to the limits of natural resources. How to make the existing mode of economic growth continue to be a major issue of economic growth under the constraint of resources?