关于中国现代化的发生 ,长期以来有两种对立意见。一种是大家十分熟悉的“冲击—反应论”,即西方的冲击或外来的现代化挑战 ,刺激了中国现代化的发生。另一种意见则认为 ,不待西方冲击 ,中国早在第一次鸦片战争之前 ,就已开始了现代化 (近代化 )的过程。以费正清为代表的“冲击 Regarding the occurrence of China’s modernization, there have been two opposing opinions for a long time. One is the so-called “impact-reaction theory” that everyone is familiar with, that is, the impact of the West or the challenge of foreign modernization has stimulated the emergence of China’s modernization. Another view is that until the first Opium War, China had started the process of modernization (modernization) without being hit by the West. The impact represented by Fei Zhengqing