一、引　言　　核技术是现代科学技术的重要组成部分 ,是当代最主要的高技术之一 ,也是社会现代化的标志之一。　　自 1896年人类发现天然放射性以来 ,核科学的发展已逾百年 ,成就斐然。与此相适应 ,核技术的发展也令人鼓舞 ,对世界的政治、经济产生了巨大的影响。特别是第二次 I. INTRODUCTION Nuclear technology is an important part of modern science and technology. It is one of the most important high technologies in the contemporary era and one of the hallmarks of social modernization. Since the discovery of natural radioactivity by mankind in 1896, nuclear science has enjoyed over 100 years of development and achieved remarkable success. In line with this, the development of nuclear technology is also encouraging and has a huge impact on the world’s politics and economy. Especially the second time