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摘要:英语和汉语语言结构、语法以及使用习惯和表达方式都存在着很大的差异,因此在英译汉时,为了符合汉语的用词习惯和语法修辞,往往需要把英语某一词类的词转译为汉语另一词类的词来表达原文的意思。而名词的转译尤其重要,名词转译成动词、形容词或副词在英语学习与翻译实践中起着越来越突出的作用。
关键词:英译汉;名词的转译
英语和汉语分属不同的语系,两种语言在结构上和使用习惯上差异很大,如果在翻译时机械地逐词对译,有时必然难以表达原意,译文也会不伦不类。因此,在英译汉时,必须把英语有些词转换词类才能有效地传达原文的准确意思,这样才能使汉语译文通顺、自然、流畅,达到“信达雅”的翻译标准。本文就名词的转译作些简单的论述。
1 英语名词转译成汉语动词
英语中大量具有动作意义的名词和由动词派生而来的名词及一些加后缀-er或-or的名词往往可以转译成汉语动词。
1.1 一些具有动作意义的名词可转译成动词。如sight 、thought 、sound、 glance、view等等。
The thought of fat meat makes me sick. 一想到肥肉我就恶心。
A view of the village can be obtained from the tower. 从塔上可以看见这个村庄。
They are waiting for a sight of the Queen passing by. 他们在等候观看女王经过那儿。
A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。
After a five - minute walk to the post - office, tum right. 步行5分钟到邮局后,再向右拐。
A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation. 仔细研究原文,你会翻译得更好。
1.2 一些由动词转化派生而来的名词可转译成动词。
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宁宙.
The operation of a machine needs some know ledge of its performance. 操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。
My suggestion is that he should give up smoking at once. 我建议他立即戒烟。
We had a long discussion before we reached an agreement. 我们讨论了很久才达成协议。
Some power plants are under construction. 几个发电厂正在建造中。
The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 语言这东西不是随便可以学好的, 非下苦功夫不可。
The medicine is used in the treatment of cancer. 这种药用于治疗癌症。
In China, there is a lot of emphasis on politeness. 在中国,人们非常注重讲礼貌。
1.3 一些加后缀-er或-or构成动作者的名词,有时在句中并不指其身份或职业,而是含有较强的动作意味,常常可转译成动词。如:teacher, singer, dancer, thinker, translator等。
You are a good singer. 你唱歌唱的真好.
He is no smoker. 他不抽烟。
The young man is a good skier. 那个年轻人滑雪滑得很好.
He was a regular visitor. 他以前经常来。
He is the murderer of his boss. 他谋杀了他的老板。
She is a lover of Chinese painting. 她热爱中国画。
There are various possible players for the role. 可能扮演这种角色的有好几个人.
In the early 1600s, the Hollanders were great farmers. 17世纪初,荷兰人种田非常出色。
1.4 作为习语主体的名词往往可转译成动词。如: have a look at中的look, have a rest中的rest,make no mention of中的mention,pay attention to中的attention,以及take care of中的care等等。这些有动作意味的名詞可以转译成汉语的动词。因此,这几个英语短语中的名词可以分别翻译成汉语动词看、休息、提及、注意和照顾等。
They took a final look at Iron Mike. 他们最后看了铁麦克一眼。 Shall we have a rest? 我们休息一下,好吗?
He made no mention of his resignation. 他没有提到辞职的事。
Please pay attention to your health. 请注意你的身体。
After dinner, she took a shower and went to bed. 晚饭后,她冲了个澡,就去睡觉了。
Let me have a try. 我来试一下。
The party branch secretary show great concern for the student's health. 党支书很关心学生的健康.
She had high praise for Dr. Higpan, although she complained about his strictness. 她高度赞扬了西格潘医生,但抱怨他过于严格。
2 英语名词转译成汉语形容词
2.1 由形容词转化派生而来的名词往往可转译成形容词。
This issue is of vital importance. 这个问题至关重要。
The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪.
I have always wondered at the passion many people have of going abroad. 我在想为什么许多人对出国如此热衷。
Her questions suggested her innocence. 她提出的问题表明她是无知的。
We are deeply convinced of the correctness of this policy. 我们深信这一政策是正确的。
We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem. 我们发现解决这一复杂问题是很困难的。
2.2 有些名词前加不定冠词用作表语时,通常可以转译成形容词。
The concert is a great success. 音乐会是很成功的。
Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。
He is a stranger to the operation of the electronic computer. 他对电子计算机的操作是陌生的。
2.3 有些名词作为定语修饰名词时可转译成形容词。
The whole city was in a holiday array. 整个城市披上了节日的盛装。
The air pollution is serious in Beijing . 北京空气污染很严重。
The elevator girl reads books between passengers. 这个开电梯的女孩子在沒有客人乘电梯的时候读书。
3 英语名词转译成汉语副词
英语中一些普通名词,在句中作状语的名词,或名词在句中作谓语动词的补语时常常可以译为汉语的副词。
She works heart and soul for the people and is love by the people. 她全心全意地为人民服务,深受人民爱戴。
It is our great pleasure to note that our shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously. 我们很高兴地看到,我国造船业正在蓬勃发展。
He had the kindness to show me the way. 他好意地给我指路.
I had the fortune to meet him.我幸运地遇见他.
I have the honor to be invited to this party. 我很荣幸地被邀请参加这个晚会。
He smoked his last cigarette with concentration and satisfaction. 他聚精会神地,津津有味地抽着最后一只烟。
The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor. 新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民,获得了他们的一些好感。
以上对名词的转译技巧作了简单的论述。但毕竟英语词类转译灵活性很大,因此在翻译实践中,要根据具体情况,恰当地使用此技巧,切忌盲目使用。英语名词的转译主要应遵循“忠实通顺”的原则,即要以通顺的语言,忠实地表达原文思想,要根据原文的各种不同情况加以灵活处理。这样,名词的转译才能使译文既忠实于原文,又符合汉语表达习惯,才能更加准确通顺地表达其原意,也才能达到理想的翻译效果。
参考文献
[1]张培基等.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2009.
[2]张万义,陈建杰.英译汉中名词的转译[J].泉州师范学院学报,2002(5).
关键词:英译汉;名词的转译
英语和汉语分属不同的语系,两种语言在结构上和使用习惯上差异很大,如果在翻译时机械地逐词对译,有时必然难以表达原意,译文也会不伦不类。因此,在英译汉时,必须把英语有些词转换词类才能有效地传达原文的准确意思,这样才能使汉语译文通顺、自然、流畅,达到“信达雅”的翻译标准。本文就名词的转译作些简单的论述。
1 英语名词转译成汉语动词
英语中大量具有动作意义的名词和由动词派生而来的名词及一些加后缀-er或-or的名词往往可以转译成汉语动词。
1.1 一些具有动作意义的名词可转译成动词。如sight 、thought 、sound、 glance、view等等。
The thought of fat meat makes me sick. 一想到肥肉我就恶心。
A view of the village can be obtained from the tower. 从塔上可以看见这个村庄。
They are waiting for a sight of the Queen passing by. 他们在等候观看女王经过那儿。
A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。
After a five - minute walk to the post - office, tum right. 步行5分钟到邮局后,再向右拐。
A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation. 仔细研究原文,你会翻译得更好。
1.2 一些由动词转化派生而来的名词可转译成动词。
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宁宙.
The operation of a machine needs some know ledge of its performance. 操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。
My suggestion is that he should give up smoking at once. 我建议他立即戒烟。
We had a long discussion before we reached an agreement. 我们讨论了很久才达成协议。
Some power plants are under construction. 几个发电厂正在建造中。
The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 语言这东西不是随便可以学好的, 非下苦功夫不可。
The medicine is used in the treatment of cancer. 这种药用于治疗癌症。
In China, there is a lot of emphasis on politeness. 在中国,人们非常注重讲礼貌。
1.3 一些加后缀-er或-or构成动作者的名词,有时在句中并不指其身份或职业,而是含有较强的动作意味,常常可转译成动词。如:teacher, singer, dancer, thinker, translator等。
You are a good singer. 你唱歌唱的真好.
He is no smoker. 他不抽烟。
The young man is a good skier. 那个年轻人滑雪滑得很好.
He was a regular visitor. 他以前经常来。
He is the murderer of his boss. 他谋杀了他的老板。
She is a lover of Chinese painting. 她热爱中国画。
There are various possible players for the role. 可能扮演这种角色的有好几个人.
In the early 1600s, the Hollanders were great farmers. 17世纪初,荷兰人种田非常出色。
1.4 作为习语主体的名词往往可转译成动词。如: have a look at中的look, have a rest中的rest,make no mention of中的mention,pay attention to中的attention,以及take care of中的care等等。这些有动作意味的名詞可以转译成汉语的动词。因此,这几个英语短语中的名词可以分别翻译成汉语动词看、休息、提及、注意和照顾等。
They took a final look at Iron Mike. 他们最后看了铁麦克一眼。 Shall we have a rest? 我们休息一下,好吗?
He made no mention of his resignation. 他没有提到辞职的事。
Please pay attention to your health. 请注意你的身体。
After dinner, she took a shower and went to bed. 晚饭后,她冲了个澡,就去睡觉了。
Let me have a try. 我来试一下。
The party branch secretary show great concern for the student's health. 党支书很关心学生的健康.
She had high praise for Dr. Higpan, although she complained about his strictness. 她高度赞扬了西格潘医生,但抱怨他过于严格。
2 英语名词转译成汉语形容词
2.1 由形容词转化派生而来的名词往往可转译成形容词。
This issue is of vital importance. 这个问题至关重要。
The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪.
I have always wondered at the passion many people have of going abroad. 我在想为什么许多人对出国如此热衷。
Her questions suggested her innocence. 她提出的问题表明她是无知的。
We are deeply convinced of the correctness of this policy. 我们深信这一政策是正确的。
We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem. 我们发现解决这一复杂问题是很困难的。
2.2 有些名词前加不定冠词用作表语时,通常可以转译成形容词。
The concert is a great success. 音乐会是很成功的。
Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。
He is a stranger to the operation of the electronic computer. 他对电子计算机的操作是陌生的。
2.3 有些名词作为定语修饰名词时可转译成形容词。
The whole city was in a holiday array. 整个城市披上了节日的盛装。
The air pollution is serious in Beijing . 北京空气污染很严重。
The elevator girl reads books between passengers. 这个开电梯的女孩子在沒有客人乘电梯的时候读书。
3 英语名词转译成汉语副词
英语中一些普通名词,在句中作状语的名词,或名词在句中作谓语动词的补语时常常可以译为汉语的副词。
She works heart and soul for the people and is love by the people. 她全心全意地为人民服务,深受人民爱戴。
It is our great pleasure to note that our shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously. 我们很高兴地看到,我国造船业正在蓬勃发展。
He had the kindness to show me the way. 他好意地给我指路.
I had the fortune to meet him.我幸运地遇见他.
I have the honor to be invited to this party. 我很荣幸地被邀请参加这个晚会。
He smoked his last cigarette with concentration and satisfaction. 他聚精会神地,津津有味地抽着最后一只烟。
The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor. 新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民,获得了他们的一些好感。
以上对名词的转译技巧作了简单的论述。但毕竟英语词类转译灵活性很大,因此在翻译实践中,要根据具体情况,恰当地使用此技巧,切忌盲目使用。英语名词的转译主要应遵循“忠实通顺”的原则,即要以通顺的语言,忠实地表达原文思想,要根据原文的各种不同情况加以灵活处理。这样,名词的转译才能使译文既忠实于原文,又符合汉语表达习惯,才能更加准确通顺地表达其原意,也才能达到理想的翻译效果。
参考文献
[1]张培基等.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2009.
[2]张万义,陈建杰.英译汉中名词的转译[J].泉州师范学院学报,2002(5).