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关于清代闭关政策有两个问题须进一步分析认识。一、关于“一口通商”。闭关政策并非意味着始终“一口通商”。清初,清政府为割断东南沿海居民与郑成功等领导的抗清力量的联系,曾实行严厉的海禁政策,“片板不许下海”。清军收复台湾后,一度开放海禁,允许中国商民出海贸易,并指定广州、漳州、宁波、云台山(今连云港附近)四个地方为通商口岸,同时采
There are two issues concerning the retreat policy of the Qing Dynasty that require further analysis and understanding. First, about “a trade”. Retirement policy does not mean always “a mouthful of business.” In the early Qing Dynasty, the Qing government cut the links between the residents of the southeastern coastal areas and the leaders of Zheng Chenggong and other anti-Qing forces. The Qing government had implemented a strict maritime ban policy and “shall not be allowed to go to the sea”. After the Qing army recovered Taiwan, it once opened the sea ban, allowed Chinese businessmen to go to sea trade, and designated Guangzhou, Zhangzhou, Ningbo, Yuntaishan (near Lianyungang) as a trading port, and