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血液的多种功能是通过其不同组成成份来完成的,其中最重要的功能是与红细胞相结合的氧和二氧化碳的运输。血液最容易被替代的成份是水和盐,许多情况下0.9%的等渗盐水或等渗林格氏液足以在短期内提高缺乏的血容量。高渗溶液(如7.5%的盐溶液)能在短时间使水份从血管外向血管内转移,加强了扩容作用,在某些情况下极为有益。由于作为胶体的蛋白质在被稀释后可出现严重的后果,因此特殊的胶体代用品(白蛋白)是必须的。尽管进行了许多研究,至今尚不能替代血液最重要的特性——气体运输,本文有关“运送氧气”的血液代用品(人造血液)的讨论仅限于目前现状和今后发展的可能性。
A variety of functions of the blood through its different components to complete, the most important of which is the combination of red blood cells with oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. The most readily replaceable components of blood are water and salt, and in many cases 0.9% isotonic saline or isotonic Ringer’s solution is sufficient to increase the lack of blood volume in the short term. Hypertonic solutions (eg, 7.5% salt solution) can transfer water from the extravascular to intravascular in a short period of time, enhancing dilatation and in some cases are extremely beneficial. Because colloidal proteins can have serious consequences when diluted, special colloidal substitutes (albumin) are necessary. Although many studies have so far failed to replace the most important trait of blood, gas transport, the discussion in this article about “blood oxygenated” blood substitutes (artificial blood) is limited to the current status and the possibility of future development.