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在阶级社会,文化同非物质的、精神上的、智识上的东西相联系,用于为上等阶级的优越性作辩护。而在欧洲社会主义者的计划中,文化的民主化是一个主要元素,主张每个人都有文化权利。马克思也将“文化”视为一种精神性的表现,但其著作中涵盖的许多其他问题也应归入当代的“文化”范畴。古斯塔夫·克列姆开始用“文化”一词指代所有由人创造出来的产品,即文化包括一切由人类加于自然之上的东西。马克思的世界图景比他在“文化”题下所讨论的问题更全面,其方法可以应用到人类行为模式的广阔领域,包括科技、法律、理论思想、宗教和其他文化要素。他认为人类实践是一个由社会结构和文化组成的整体系统。苏联学者将结构分析的优势与马克思主义社会学的哲学假设结合在一起。现代社会以文化与社会结构的失调为特征,发展中的社会主义社会首次尝试通过将社会结构附属于文化系统来解决这一问题。
In a class society, culture is linked to immaterial, spiritual, and intellectual things and serves to defend the superiority of the superior class. In European socialist plans, the democratization of culture is a major element, claiming that everyone has a cultural right. Marx also regards “culture ” as a spiritual manifestation, but many other issues covered in his book should also fall into the category of contemporary “culture.” Gustav Klim began to use the term “culture” to refer to all products created by man, that is, culture includes everything human beings add to nature. The world picture of Marx is more comprehensive than the one he discusses under “Culture,” a methodology that can be applied to a broad range of patterns of human behavior, including science and technology, law, theoretical thought, religion and other cultural elements. He believes that human practice is a holistic system of social structures and cultures. Soviet scholars combined the advantages of structural analysis with the philosophical assumptions of Marxist sociology. Modern society is characterized by the imbalance of cultural and social structures, and for the first time, the developing socialist society attempts to solve this problem by attaching social structures to the cultural system.