所谓磨勘,是唐宋官员以考绩定升迁的一种常态化制度。唐代将对文武官员功过行能的考课(即考核)结果,分九等注入考状,由吏部和各道观察使等复验后,决定官吏的升迁降黜。到了宋太宗时,专置磨勘差遣院,主持官吏的考课升迁,后改为审官。真宗时规定磨勘年限:文武官任职满3年,给予磨勘迁秩。在京的朝官,磨勘时例须引对,表示由皇帝亲自升擢。到了仁宗时,改为文官3年一迁,武官5年一迁。“磨勘”制行使之初,尚能认真考核,坚 The so-called grinding is the Tang and Song officials to test performance promotion of a normalization system. In the Tang Dynasty, examinations (that is, examinations) of civil and military officials who passed the examinations would be injected into the exams at different levels. After the reexamination was conducted by the Ministry of Insititutions and various roads, the promotion of officials would be reduced. When Emperor Taizong of Song Dynasty was in charge, he specialized in the removal of the hospital and presided over the official examination examinations and promotion, later changed to trial officer. True years when the provisions of the grinding period: civil and military officials served for three years, given the rank of grinding move. In the official court in Beijing, the time-trial of the case must be quoted as a sign that the emperor himself was promoted. When Renzong arrived, he was replaced by a civil servant for three years and his military officer moved to another place in five years. “Grind ” system exercise, still able to seriously assess, Kennedy