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无提示词语法填空的考查一般包含以下方面:冠词、介词、代词和连词(包含关系词)。本文以2016年的高考真题为例,依据上述四个类型对考点作一简述。
[冠词]
例1 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed,__________other is with mum—she never suspects.
解析 the。考查定冠词表示特指的用法。原句中提到的对象有两个(him和his sister),所以表示二者之中的“另外一个”时用the other。
例2 (2016·上海卷) You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself__________number of questions.
解析 a。考查固定短语。短语a number of意为“许多、大量”,该短语通常作定语修饰可数名词复数形式。本句中使用a number of修饰名词复数questions。该题容易误填定冠词the,但the number of表示的意思是“……的数目”。
点拨 冠词作为限定词,通常的用法是不定冠词表示泛指,定冠词表示特指。但语法填空对冠词的考查并不止如此,还会考查固定词组中不定冠词的用法、最高级之前使用定冠词的规则。此外,在填写不定冠词时,还要注意a与an的区别,避免在细节上失分。
[介词]
例3 (2016·全国卷Ⅱ) Most of us are more focused__________our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
解析 on。考查固定搭配。形容词短语be focused on意为“集中于”,本句大意为:很多人上午对任务的注意力要比晚些时候更集中。
例4 (2016·四川卷) The mother continued to care for the young panda__________more than two years.
解析 for。考查介词表示时间的用法。名词短语more than two years表示的是“照料(care for)”这一行为所持续的时间,故用介词for引出一个时间段。
例5 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) But my connection with pandas goes back__________ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s ...
解析 to。考查固定搭配。固定短语go back to 意为“回到,追溯到”。
例6 (2016·上海卷) Before she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didn’t need to keep it a secret__________me.
解析 from。考查介词搭配。keep sth. a secret from sb.表示“对某人保密某事”。她还没有反应过来,我就紧紧地抱着她并告诉她这件事情不必对我保密。
点拨 介词是一种功能词,也是派生能力很弱的词类,因此它的形态与意义相对稳定。介词很多时候是放在固定搭配中考查的,除了熟记介词本身的含义之外,掌握由介词构成的短语也很有必要。
[代词]
例7 (2016·上海卷) Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of__________, and yet find it impossible to say no?
解析 you。句子大意为:例如,你是否感到你被期待得太多了,而且发现“说不”是不可能的?本句的主语是you,所以使用宾格you作为介词of的宾语。
点拨 语法填空对代词(此处不包括关系代词)的考查主要包括人称代词、物主代词和反身代词。如果题目以代词宾格(仅限于与主格形式不同的宾格)、物主代词和反身代词作为答案,则空格之后需要给出代词主格作为提示词;反之,如果确定填代词,且没有提示词,那么应填的答案就是代词主格或与主格同形的代词宾格。
[连词]
(1)并列连词
例8 (2016·全国卷Ⅲ) In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea,__________Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
解析 and。考查并列连词。这里列举了一些亚洲国家,它们是并列关系,故用and。
例9 (2016·四川卷) It was time for her to have a new baby,__________it was also time for the young panda to be independent.
解析 and。考查并列连词。现在是她(熊猫妈妈)该有一个宝宝的时候了,同时也是小熊猫独立的时候了。此处表示并列,两个分句是顺承关系,故用and。
点拨 并列连词连接的是两个语法对等的成分,它们可以是两个词语,也可以是两个分句。是否填并列连词既要看前后成分的逻辑关系,也要看两者之间的语法地位是否对等。 (2)从属连词
例10 (2016·全国卷Ⅱ) So, get an early start and try to be as productive__________possible before lunch.
解析 as。考查固定句型。句型as ... as ...表示“和……一样……”。第一个是as是程度副词,第二个as是比较连词。(正因为人上午注意力更为集中,)所以我们要早起,在午饭之前尽可能地做到高效率。
例11 (2016·四川卷) The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does.__________it cried, she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.
解析 When/If。考查状语从句引导词。全句大意为:当它哭时/如果它哭,熊猫妈妈会前后摇动并轻轻拍它以示安慰。从句表示的是后面主句的时间或条件,且由于从句在前,所以引导词的首字母需大写。
例12 (2016·全国卷Ⅲ) Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,__________lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.
解析 who。考查定语从句。先行词是Confucius(孔夫子),指人,空中应填关系词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语,故只能用who。
例13 (2016·上海卷) She was taking the food to the refugee camp, in__________she distributed it to children.
解析 which。考查定语从句。先行词是the refugee camp,关系代词which指代先行词,且在定语从句中作介词in的宾语,in which相当于关系副词where。
例14 (2016·上海卷) But like so many other things, it is only too much stress__________ does you harm.
解析 that。考查强调句型。强调句型的基本结构为“it is/was+被强调成分+that/who+其他成分”,其最大特点就是,去掉it is/was ... that/who后,句子仍然成立。强调句型能强调除谓语动词以外的其他句子成分,本句强调的是only too much stress。
例15 (2016·上海卷) For years, my mum has been helping out by giving them whatever food she could spare. I was so impressed by__________selfless she was.
解析 how。考查宾语从句。本句中感叹句how selfless she was用作介词by的宾语。因为selfless是形容词,所以在它之前填的应该是表示程度的连接副词。
例16 (2016·上海卷) I decided to follow her and__________happened truly amazed me.
解析 what。考查主语从句。本句中连接代词what引导主语从句,相当于the thing that。句子大意为:我决定跟着她,并且后面发生的事情真让我很惊讶。
点拨 从属连词亦即从句连接词,语法填空可能考到的从句连接词有下面几种:连接代词、连接副词、无意义的that、表示“是否”的whether/if。填从句连接词的前提在于判断空格所在句是否为从句以及属于何种从句。
[冠词]
例1 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed,__________other is with mum—she never suspects.
解析 the。考查定冠词表示特指的用法。原句中提到的对象有两个(him和his sister),所以表示二者之中的“另外一个”时用the other。
例2 (2016·上海卷) You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself__________number of questions.
解析 a。考查固定短语。短语a number of意为“许多、大量”,该短语通常作定语修饰可数名词复数形式。本句中使用a number of修饰名词复数questions。该题容易误填定冠词the,但the number of表示的意思是“……的数目”。
点拨 冠词作为限定词,通常的用法是不定冠词表示泛指,定冠词表示特指。但语法填空对冠词的考查并不止如此,还会考查固定词组中不定冠词的用法、最高级之前使用定冠词的规则。此外,在填写不定冠词时,还要注意a与an的区别,避免在细节上失分。
[介词]
例3 (2016·全国卷Ⅱ) Most of us are more focused__________our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
解析 on。考查固定搭配。形容词短语be focused on意为“集中于”,本句大意为:很多人上午对任务的注意力要比晚些时候更集中。
例4 (2016·四川卷) The mother continued to care for the young panda__________more than two years.
解析 for。考查介词表示时间的用法。名词短语more than two years表示的是“照料(care for)”这一行为所持续的时间,故用介词for引出一个时间段。
例5 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) But my connection with pandas goes back__________ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s ...
解析 to。考查固定搭配。固定短语go back to 意为“回到,追溯到”。
例6 (2016·上海卷) Before she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didn’t need to keep it a secret__________me.
解析 from。考查介词搭配。keep sth. a secret from sb.表示“对某人保密某事”。她还没有反应过来,我就紧紧地抱着她并告诉她这件事情不必对我保密。
点拨 介词是一种功能词,也是派生能力很弱的词类,因此它的形态与意义相对稳定。介词很多时候是放在固定搭配中考查的,除了熟记介词本身的含义之外,掌握由介词构成的短语也很有必要。
[代词]
例7 (2016·上海卷) Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of__________, and yet find it impossible to say no?
解析 you。句子大意为:例如,你是否感到你被期待得太多了,而且发现“说不”是不可能的?本句的主语是you,所以使用宾格you作为介词of的宾语。
点拨 语法填空对代词(此处不包括关系代词)的考查主要包括人称代词、物主代词和反身代词。如果题目以代词宾格(仅限于与主格形式不同的宾格)、物主代词和反身代词作为答案,则空格之后需要给出代词主格作为提示词;反之,如果确定填代词,且没有提示词,那么应填的答案就是代词主格或与主格同形的代词宾格。
[连词]
(1)并列连词
例8 (2016·全国卷Ⅲ) In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea,__________Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
解析 and。考查并列连词。这里列举了一些亚洲国家,它们是并列关系,故用and。
例9 (2016·四川卷) It was time for her to have a new baby,__________it was also time for the young panda to be independent.
解析 and。考查并列连词。现在是她(熊猫妈妈)该有一个宝宝的时候了,同时也是小熊猫独立的时候了。此处表示并列,两个分句是顺承关系,故用and。
点拨 并列连词连接的是两个语法对等的成分,它们可以是两个词语,也可以是两个分句。是否填并列连词既要看前后成分的逻辑关系,也要看两者之间的语法地位是否对等。 (2)从属连词
例10 (2016·全国卷Ⅱ) So, get an early start and try to be as productive__________possible before lunch.
解析 as。考查固定句型。句型as ... as ...表示“和……一样……”。第一个是as是程度副词,第二个as是比较连词。(正因为人上午注意力更为集中,)所以我们要早起,在午饭之前尽可能地做到高效率。
例11 (2016·四川卷) The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does.__________it cried, she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.
解析 When/If。考查状语从句引导词。全句大意为:当它哭时/如果它哭,熊猫妈妈会前后摇动并轻轻拍它以示安慰。从句表示的是后面主句的时间或条件,且由于从句在前,所以引导词的首字母需大写。
例12 (2016·全国卷Ⅲ) Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,__________lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.
解析 who。考查定语从句。先行词是Confucius(孔夫子),指人,空中应填关系词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语,故只能用who。
例13 (2016·上海卷) She was taking the food to the refugee camp, in__________she distributed it to children.
解析 which。考查定语从句。先行词是the refugee camp,关系代词which指代先行词,且在定语从句中作介词in的宾语,in which相当于关系副词where。
例14 (2016·上海卷) But like so many other things, it is only too much stress__________ does you harm.
解析 that。考查强调句型。强调句型的基本结构为“it is/was+被强调成分+that/who+其他成分”,其最大特点就是,去掉it is/was ... that/who后,句子仍然成立。强调句型能强调除谓语动词以外的其他句子成分,本句强调的是only too much stress。
例15 (2016·上海卷) For years, my mum has been helping out by giving them whatever food she could spare. I was so impressed by__________selfless she was.
解析 how。考查宾语从句。本句中感叹句how selfless she was用作介词by的宾语。因为selfless是形容词,所以在它之前填的应该是表示程度的连接副词。
例16 (2016·上海卷) I decided to follow her and__________happened truly amazed me.
解析 what。考查主语从句。本句中连接代词what引导主语从句,相当于the thing that。句子大意为:我决定跟着她,并且后面发生的事情真让我很惊讶。
点拨 从属连词亦即从句连接词,语法填空可能考到的从句连接词有下面几种:连接代词、连接副词、无意义的that、表示“是否”的whether/if。填从句连接词的前提在于判断空格所在句是否为从句以及属于何种从句。