Ethylene,a gaseous plant hormone,plays critical roles in plant growth,development,and response to environment.Ethylene-regulated processes are initiated by the elevation of ethylene biosynthesis,which is under tight control by a complex signaling network.An elevated level of ethylene is then perceived by ethylene receptors in local and neighboring cells,which activates signaling pathways that lead to ethylene responses.Different types of tissues/cells have differential capacities in producing ethylene and differential sensitivity to ethylene,which are crucial to the diverse functions of ethylene in plants.This report high-lights recent advances in our understanding of kinases and phosphatases in ethylene biosynthesis and signaling.