一、引言选举可以分为代议机构的选举和行政机构的选举。由于各国横向权力安排方式的不同,行政机构的产生方式也不同。议会内阁制之下,行政机构由议会产生,并无自下而上的权力基础;总统制和半总统制之下,行政机构由民众选举产生,有独立的权力基础。民选的行政机构(总统)有反映民意的功能,但其主要还是扮演民意机构执行者的角色,以及某些时 I. INTRODUCTION The election can be divided into the election of the representative office and the election of the executive branch. Because of the different ways of horizontal power arrangements in different countries, the mode of administration is different. Under the parliamentary cabinet system, the executive body is created by the parliament and does not have a bottom-up basis of power. Under the presidential system and semi-presidential system, the executive body is elected by the general public and has an independent basis of power. The democratically elected executive body (the president) has the function of reflecting public opinion but mainly acts as a performer of public opinion agencies and, at certain times