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HCV感染呈全球流行，发病隐匿。实验室检测是临床诊断的主要依据，其检测方法主要为抗体检测和核酸检测。为实现对HCV感染的早发现、早诊断，选择最佳检测方法和诊断策略尤为重要。本文从HCV核酸检测方法，试剂的性能评价以及目前的HCV检测策略进行综述。“,”HCV infection is of global concern with the characteristic of insidious onset. Laboratory testing stands indispensably for clinical diagnosis with antibody assay and nucleic acid testing the main methods being adopted. For early detection and diagnosis of HCV infection, it is important to choose the best detection method and diagnostic strategy. This paper reviews the HCV nucleic acid testing methods, as well as performance evaluation of reagents and current strategies.