Objective: To describe health-and vision-targeted quality of life following treatment with iodine 125 brachytherapy vs enucleation for choroidal melanoma in a subgroup of patients who were treated and observed prospectively as part of a large randomized clinical trial. Main Outcome Measures: Difficulty with driving,near vision activities,and activities using stereopsis or binocularity; anxiety; and depression. Participants: Two hundred nine patients who enrolled in the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study trial for medium-sized tumors between March 1995 and July 1998 and gave informed consent prior to randomization to participation in an ancillary study of quality of life. Methods: Patients were interviewed by telephone by a trained interviewer from the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Coordinating Center at baseline (prior to randomization),at 6 months,and on annual anniversaries of enrollment. The questionnaire battery included the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36,the Activities of Daily Vision Scale,the National Eye InstituteVisual FunctionQuestionnaire,and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Additional questions concerning satisfaction with posttreatment appearance and concerns about cancer recurrence also were included in posttreatment interviews. Results: There was a significant increase in both treatment groups in levels of reported difficulty for most vision-oriented activities,and in bodily and ocular pain,6 months following treatment. Differences in visual function between treatment groups reported during follow-up were relatively small,but significant differences favoring brachytherapy-treated patients were observed for driving during the first year of follow-up and for peripheral vision during the first 2 years of follow-up. Anxiety levels in both groups decreased significantly following treatment,but patients treated with brachytherapy with symptoms of anxiety were less likely to report later resolution of symptoms than patients with symptoms of anxiety who were treated with enucleation. This study was unable to assess impact of treatment on satisfaction with appearance and concern about cancer recurrence during the first year after treatment,but no treatment-related differences were found on these measures at 2 years and later follow-up times. Conclusions: Patients treatedwith brachytherapy reported significantly better visual function than patients treated with enucleation with respect to driving and peripheral vision for up to 2 years following treatment. Differences between treatments in visual function diminished by 3 to 5 years posttreatment,paralleling decline in visual acuity in brachytherapy-treated eyes. Patients treated with brachytherapy were more likely to have symptoms of anxiety during follow-up than patients treated with enucleation. Application to Clinical Practice: Given that no significant dif-ferences in survival between enucleation and brachytherapy have been found,the differences demonstrated here for driving and anxiety will allow the individual patient and physician to make informed choices regarding treatment based on personal preferences.