一、经济思想史上的两种价值观点就经济学最为古老也是最难和最基本的理论问题而言,价值问题是交换经济所必然遇到的问题.这个问题就其直接意义而言是解决不同物品的交换比例的.(从一定意义上讲,它仅仅是对这一现象的理解,只有当这一问题与其它经济现象相联系时,价值问题所包含的经济学的深刻意义才能体现出来.)当人们寻求这一问题的答案时,自然会到交换物品中所包含的决定交换价值比例的因素中去寻找,于是在价值思想史上就出现了因果决定论意义上的两种不同的经济价值观.其中之一就是从生产的角度,即从交换物品生产的角度去寻找原因,这一观点导致人们认为生产的要素是价值的原因和尺度.总的来讲,这种角度所得出的价值的观点统称为客观价值理论.从交换物品寻找所包含的决定交换价值比例的因素,在经济学史上还导致另一派别的观点的产生,这一观点是从物品所包含的使用价值即物品对人的效用上寻求交换比例的确定,这一方向的难题是显而易见的.因为不同物品的使用价值或效用是根本不同的.从直观上讲,我们无法判定粮食和衣服对我们来说哪个的价值大.这一认寻方向的困难,还可归结为以下四个方面;一是许多对人有用的东西可以无限制地使用,如空气、阳光,却完全没有价值.二是有很大用处的东西经常比用处小的东 I. Two Values ​​in the History of Economic Thought In terms of the oldest and hardest and the most basic theoretical issue in economics, the question of value is an inevitable problem in the exchange economy and the issue is directly different in terms of its value In a sense, it is only an understanding of this phenomenon, and only when the problem is linked to other economic phenomena can the profound significance of the economics contained in the question of value be manifested. When people seek the answer to this question, they naturally seek out the factors that determine the proportion of exchange-value contained in the exchange of goods. Thus, in the history of value thought, two different economic values ​​in the meaning of causal determinism emerge One of them is to look for the causes from the point of view of production, that is, from the point of view of the exchange of goods, which leads people to think that the factors of production are the causes and the scales of value. Generally speaking, the value derived from this perspective Opinions are collectively referred to as the objective value theory.From the exchange of goods to find the factors involved in determining the proportion of the exchange value of the decision, in the history of economics also lead to another factional view This view is based on the use of the value of the goods that the value of the exchange of people’s utility to determine the proportion of the problem is obvious in this direction because the value of different objects or the utility of utility is fundamentally different from Intuitively, we can not judge which food and clothes are of great value to us. The difficulty in finding this direction can also be attributed to the following four aspects: First, many things that are useful to people can be used without restriction, Such as air, sunshine, but there is no value at all. Second, there are often more useful things than the small East