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流域水生态完整性评价是指通过对水生态系统中不同水生态指标（生物和非生物）的监测以及由数学方法综合形成的综合评价指数，来反映水生态系统完整性状况。近年来，世界各国水环境管理政策发生了变化，开始强调生态保护，重视水体的生态质量。中国现行的常规理化监测指标（如COD、氨氮、BOD5）很难满足水环境管理的需求，难以全面准确地反映水环境质量变化的趋势。因此，在借鉴欧美发达国家流域水生态完整性评价方法的基础上，结合中国目前监测现状以及流域水环境管理需求，构建了包括物理生境指标、理化指标、水生生物指标在内的流域水生态完整性监测与评价方法，以期为中国流域水质目标管理技术体系的业务化运行提供可资借鉴的技术支撑，实现从单一的化学指标监测转向综合的水生态系统监测，实现流域水生态完整性的监测与评价。“,”Monitoring of status and trends of surface waters quality is an important method to assure sustainability of desired characteristics of aquatic environments. The monitoring and assessment of ecological integrity surveys have demonstrated the value of probability?based sampling designs, quantitative assessments of multiple biological assemblages, a suite of qualitative habitat indicators and the use of historical information. Recently, several sets of legislation worldwide have been developed, that consider water bodies as ecological systems, in order to address ecological quality or integrity of watersheds. Current monitoring and assessment of water quality in China, which is still based on amounts of chemical pollutants, such as COD, ammonia and BOD5 , has been deemed to be insufficient to adequately asses the quality of aquatic environments. Responding to this challenge, a new monitoring and assessment system is required based on ecological methodologies, which accurately represents status and trends in quality of aquatic environments. The components used in this monitoring and assessment system include hydrology, river morphology, physico?chemical parameters, ecotoxicological aspects, types and numbers of biota. Based on the results of the pilot scheme an ecological integrity index for surface waters will be established. A national coordination and management system, including methods for comprehensive monitoring of ecological integrity of surface waters in China will be initiated. The system should accurately reflect the effectiveness of governance and protection of major watersheds.