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从古希腊哲学的寻求本体论的主体思想到近代哲学的主客二分思想的思维模式中,美作为哲学的一部分也开始走向了主客二分的道路。世界近代哲学的奠基人笛卡尔的“我思故我在”中主体与客体、思维与存在、主体与客体的对立让世界分成了思维的灵魂的世界,和物质的现实存在着的世界,这也为康德的自由的彼岸世界奠定了基础。随着人们哲学态度的转变,美学开始出现了主观派、客观派、主客观统一派和客观社会派,其中,主观派认为美主要是由审美主体决定的,而客观派则认为事物美不美主要是因为客观世界美不美决定的,主客观派则认为美主要是见之于主观对客观的认识,客观社会派则认为美是由主观改造客观世界的劳动实践决定的。19世纪由马克思主写的《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中提出了实践,从而在当时造成了很大的影响,从而实践美学在这里应运而生了。本文主要是通过描述我国的以李泽厚为主的哲学家对美学的观点和看法主要阐释了马克思的实践美学在我国的发展和应用。本文还通过对西方近代以来由笛卡尔开创的主客二元对立的美学从而发展出实践美学。
In the thinking mode of the subjective thinking of the ancient Greek philosophy from the main body of seeking the ontology to the subjective thinking of the modern philosophy, the United States as the part of philosophy has also started to move toward the dichotomy of subject and object. The opposition of the subject and the object, the opposition of the subject and the object in Cartesian “I think therefore I am ” divides the world into the world of thinking soul and the world of material reality, It also laid the foundation for Kant’s free, off-shore world. With the change of people’s philosophical attitude, aesthetics began to appear subjectivism, objective school, subjective and objective school of unification, and objective school of society. Among them, the subjective school holds that beauty is mainly determined by the aesthetic body, while the objective school believes that things are not beautiful Mainly because the objective world is not determined by the beauty of the United States. The subjective and objective schools believe that the United States mainly sees subjective understanding of the objective reality while the objective socialist believes that beauty is determined by the labor practice of subjectively transforming the objective world. Practice was put forward in the 1844 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts authored by Marx in the 19th century, which caused great influence at that time. Therefore, practice aesthetics came into being here. This article mainly expounds the development and application of Marx’s practical aesthetics in our country by describing the views and opinions on aesthetics of the philosophers mainly based on Li Zehou in our country. This essay also develops practical aesthetics through the aesthetics of dualism between subject and object created by Descartes since the West modern times.