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“完形填空(CLOZE TEST)”是中考英语试题中的综合能力测试题型。它是一种典型的“智能混合”测试题,融单项选择与阅读理解为一体,涉及到词汇、语法、逻辑推理等各种知识。在一定程度上考查考生的阅读能力、逻辑推理及分析归纳、综合判断能力。这种题型归纳起来有如下特点:
1. 在整份试卷中所占的分值较重,占10%~15%,长度一般在130~200个单词左右。
2. 降低了对单词本身的考查要求,重点考查学生对短文的整体理解,上下文的段落衔接,理解分析及推理判断能力。
3. 针对初中学生的实际水平,一般采用故事体,尽量避免专业性太强的文章或论文体。近年来出现了以意义选择为主、语法选择逐渐减少的趋势。
“完形填空”有多种形式,但它在基本设计原则上都是一致的。形式都是从短文中抽去若干词,让考生根据上下文填入适当的词,为了有助于考生填入适当的词,可以提供四个答案(其中包括一个正确答案),让考生选出正确的答案;也可以给出单词首字母完形填空,或者给出字母及单词长度(由几个字母组成);也可以不给考生提供任何线索,完全凭借考生对文章的理解及现有的语言能力来完成。最常见的还是选择型的“完形填空”。
“抽词法”可以是有针对性地抽,也可以是随机地抽。但目前比较流行的是对文章理解能力的考查,而不是单纯对语法结构的考查。
“完形填空”要求考生不仅要会运用自己学过的词汇和语法知识,妥善地处理好每个单词,理解句意,还要处理好单词之间以及单词与全文之间的内在联系,选出适当的词填上,使文章完整、通顺。
完形填空题要求填入的词主要有:构成各种时态和用法区别的动词及短语动词;名词和介词;根据上下文意思及结构必须填入的形容词、副词、代词和连词;同义词、近义词等易混词。考查以实词为主,兼顾虚词和语法结构。难点主要集中在根据上下文作正确判断的词的用法上。
题型一
“选择型”完形填空
【解题技巧】 “选择型”完形填空旨在测试考生综合应用语言的能力。因此,要做好“完形填空”,不仅要具备一定的词法、句法和惯用法等语法知识,而且还要具备阅读理解能力、综合分析能力和运用语言知识的实践能力。
1. 通读全文,了解大意。
完形填空题不同于单项选择填空题,它所给的是一篇意思完整的短文,所选的答案处在整段或整篇文章之中。因此,做完形填空题时,一定要先通读一遍全文,对文章有个全面的了解。所以在做题前,先浏览全文,了解短文的大意,是绝对不可省的一步。切勿为了“省时”而边看边选,否则一定是欲速则不达,造成有的地方内容看不懂或理解错误,填空时或不解其意,或似懂非懂,举棋不定,这样不仅失误率高,且费时不少。
跳过空格读全文。这样可以快速了解全文大意,对文章的体裁,事情的前因后果有个大致了解。阅读中要重视文章首句,这个句子往往是探索短文全貌的“窗口”,常常点明了全文的中心思想,对理解文章影响很大。通读全文时,应采用快速阅读法,如遇个别生词,要么通过上下文或构词法猜测词意,要么暂时略过,不必进行字斟句酌的精读。在阅读中,要特别注意记忆其中最能表现文章内容的关键词或中心句,必要时可用铅笔做记号,划出某些人物或情节的词。考试时切不可在没掌握大意的基础上边读边做,眼睛只在原题与答案之间转动,只看一词一句,犯“只见树木不见森林”的错误。
2. 逐句细读,边读边选。
通读全文,弄懂大意后就可以在细读的基础上完成填空了。这时要细心谨慎,逐句地细读和分析,每填一空都注意形义恰当和前后呼应。做题时要善于发现和利用文中的信息句,从字里行间寻求启示。在做选择题型“完形填空”时,往往会出现这样的问题:乍一看,所给的四个选项似乎都可以选。这是由于解题时仅理解留空的句子,而对上下文不予重视,或把这类题当作单项选择填空来做。有时候,要选对一个选项,仅对前后句子的理解是不够的,而要依赖对文章的掌握,这就要从文章中找出一个与该句关系紧密的关键句子。就某个句子而言,好像要填写的词语很多,但一定要与整篇文章协调,不能与上下文相矛盾。如所给选项是形容词、副词,则需根据其在句中的作用来确定;如选项是动词,则需考虑空白处要求是什么时态、语态或哪种非谓语动词;如选项是连词,可以从连词的一些惯用法和固定搭配入手。做难题应遵循先易后难的原则,对有把握的选项可一锤定音,如果遇到一时难以确定的答案可先不填,先去做后面的,或有把握的,待填完其他空白后,再回过头来做前面的,有时前后空白形成互相提示和补充。往往会读了下文,受到启发,前面的难题也就迎刃而解了。有些完形填空题直到做完最后一个空,才知道第一个空该填的内容。
3. 知识梳理,正确运用。
“完形填空”所要填的大都是常用的一些单词或短语,以动词、名词等实词为主。单独考查语法的题,尤其是那些不用看上下文就能选出正确答案的题很少出现。这就增加了试题的难度。有时候,试题所提供的选项迷惑性很大,如不认真分析辨别,就容易选错。这就要求同学们在学习中,重视对基础知识的学习和归纳,多做这类练习,提高解题能力。
4. 仔细推敲,认真复查。
当一篇“完形填空”做完以后,至少要读一遍,检查所填的词语是否与文章相符,文章是否通顺,前后是否呼应,有无句型结构及语法错误。如果某个空白无法填写,可将四个选项一一代入去试,直到语句通顺为止。
【经典试题】
Time is very important in our lives. But it never had any importance in my life until I1a watch from my father that made me responsible (有责任). It2me the importance of time in my life.
I got this gift on a gray-sky day. I had to go to the
3at 9:00 a.m. to pick up my uncle Ali and take him to my father’s house. However, I forgot it4I was playing with my friends. Later on that day, around 11:00 a. m., I remembered my uncle, but I was late for him. He had got out of plane and5a taxi to my father’s house.
I got to my father’s house at 2:00 p.m.6 . My father looked at me angrily. I said “hi” to him and my
7uncle. My father asked to sit next to him and handed me this watch which was a gift from him. it weighted 8 oz (盎司) and all of it was made of silver. Then he said, “Essa, did you have fun with your friends today? What you did was not very nice and you should be sorry for your8 .” I felt sorry and told my father that I wouldn’t do it again. Then he said, “This watch will be a reminder (提醒物) for you. I hope today you have learned something9 .”
I learned a lesson from my father: to respect (尊敬) time and10be late. The watch is important to me, not because of its price, but because of the lesson that I learned from it.
1. A. bought B. received C. borrowed D. broke
2. A. learned B. found C. sent D. told
3. A. airport B. school C. hospital D. station
4. A. when B. because C. if D. though
5. A. got B. caught C. invited D. taken
6. A. one day before B. the next day
C. the same day D. the other day
7. A. surprised B. tired C. nervous D. lonely
8. A. words B. actions C. play D. fun
9. A. important B. interesting
C. expensive D. wonderful
10. A. never B. usually C. sometimes D. often
【主旨大意】通读全文,我们了解到:本文讲述了作者通过父亲送给自己的一块手表的经历改变了以前不重视时间的不好习惯。
【答案与解析】
1. B。根据题意,直到我收到父亲的手表。故选B。
2. D。根据题意,这块表告诉了我时间的重要性。故选D。
3. A。根据下句可知,他叔叔是坐飞机来的,应该是去机场接。故选A。
4. B。根据题意,作者忘记了去接叔叔是因为和朋友一直在玩,上下句之间是因果关系,故选B。
5. D。根据题意,他叔叔是乘坐出租车去的, take a taxi是习惯搭配,故选D。
6. C。根据文章的时间顺序,这些事应该发生在同一天,故选C。
7. B。根据题意,此时叔叔应该是很累,故选B。
8. B。根据题意,父亲在批评他,他对自己的行为感到惭愧,故选B。
9. A。根据题意,他应该是学到了重要的东西,故选A。
10. A。根据题意,作者通过这次经历受到了很大的教育,所以他不会再迟到,故选A。
题型二
“首字母填词型”完形填空
【解题技巧】“首字母填词型”完形填空要求学生在正确理解和把握文章意思的基础上通过分析行文线索来填写空缺单词的一种考查形式。它是考查学生综合运用英语思维能力的一种有效方法。做好这类题,主要从以下几个方面入手:
1. 通读全句,把握句意。我们可以先跳过空格粗读短文,尽量理解文章的内容,为填写意思相符的答案做好准备。只有文章意思清楚了,才可能根据文意进行合理的判断,从而有可能突然产生“灵感”,将断层点的意义信息比较准确地反映出来。
2. 注意精读,反复琢磨。掌握大意后,还应逐词地仔细阅读,从文章中找出句与文、句与句、词与句、词与词之间的关系,以便初步确定答案。做这类题,有的可根据固定用法来判断,有的可通过上下文意思判断。遇到难词时,就抓住空词句及其前后的句子反复推敲、再三琢磨该词在句中的作用,由此判断出该词的意义。
3. 把握词义,填写准确。这里的“准确”应包括:1)符合要求,即所填单词必须以规定字母开头;2)符合意思。既符合整篇文章的基调,更符合所在句子的含义,不可出现意义断层,说东道西的情况;3)符合语法。意义相符了,单词选准了,还要注意所填单词是否要作词形变化:如名词是否要用复数形式,形容词是否要用比较级,动词是否要变时态等。
4. 复读全文,验证答案。看所填单词是不是最佳单词,拼写是否准确无误,词形是否要作必要的变化,短文是否前后连贯一致,情节发展是否合理,议论是否合乎逻辑等。在检查时,同学们应从词法、句法、惯用法等方面考虑答案的准确性,做到含义、形式都正确。
【经典试题】
Thirty years ago, I walked into your bakery and asked for some loaves (条,块) of bread to sell. At that time, I was 12 years old. A young lady s 1me thatday. She gave me five loaves and wished me good l 2 .
I took the loaves and went out to sell them. It t 3me all day, but I sold them all. At the e 4of the day, I had some money. I was the h 5boy in the world as I walked home that evening.
The next day, I went to a bicycle shop. I paid a
deposit (定金) on a new bicycle. And then I started my next j 6as a newspaper delivery boy. Soon I c 7pay the rest of the money for the bicycle and the bike was mine. I was so proud of m 8 !
Today I still work in the delivery business. I have a lot of trucks to send goods all over the country. I live in a beautiful house, but I don’t ride a bicycle these days. I drive a large nice car.
I don’t know w 9that young lady was. But
b 10she give me the start, I have become a successful man. I’d like to show my thanks to her.
【主旨大意】本文讲述了一个孩子是如何在好心人的帮助下,获得自信心,一步一步地通过自己的努力获得成功的,并且他还常怀着对好心人的感恩之心。
【答案与解析】
1. served。句意:那天一位年轻女了接待了我。动作发生在过去,用一般过去时。
2. luck。根据wished me good 可知,句子要表达的是:祝我好运,所以填名词luck。
3. took。根据句子的主语it及all day可知该处为句型:it takes sb. some time。句意:花了我一整天的时间,所以用take的过去式。
4. end。此处为短语at the end of。
5. happiest。因前面有the, 后面有表示范围的介词短语in the world, 故此处强调自己是最快乐的人,所以形容词happy要变为happiest。
6. job。因as a newspaper delivery boy 是在解释自己所从事的职业,所以填job。
7. could。句意:很快我能付清买自行车的余款……所以填情态动词could。
8. myself。强调自己,用反身代词作宾语,填myself。
9. who / whom。句意:我不知道那个年轻女子是谁。用who或whom引导宾语从句,且在从句中作宾语。
10. because。本句是在解释我成功的原因,所以填because, 引导原因状语从句。
题型三
“选词填空型”完形填空
【解题技巧】 “选词填空型”完形填空要求考生利用所给的单词(一般有名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、冠词、介词和连词等)补全一篇有空缺的短文。要想提高此类题型的答题准确率,考生除了要进行大量的课外阅读,积累丰富的语言知识外,还需掌握一定的解题技巧。做这种类型的题目时,首先应该根据语法判定词性。一般的空缺都可以通过其所充当的句子成分判断其词性。然后再根据短文内容和上下文在同样词性的备选词当中推测正确答案,进一步缩小单词的选择范围,从而正确地选词。在初选单词后,不要轻率地填入,因为有时所提供的备选答案多于我们所需要的答案,同学们要仔细斟酌,把不符合文章内容的备选答案排除掉,选择最符合题意的选项,在选定了所需的单词后,要瞻前顾后,保证单词的形式正确。做好这类题,主要从以下几个方面入手:
1. 通读全文,明确大意
越过空格,通读全文,理顺题意,找到关键信息(暗示词)。要填的单词肯定是在一定的语言环境中才能确定。只有了解了短文大意,把握了全文的主导方向,才能正确理解空缺词所在的句子,缩小词的选择范围。
2. 根据语法,判定词性
一般的空缺都可以通过其所在的句式结构和句法成分来判断其词性,从而进一步缩小词的选择范围。
3. 利用语境,确定词形
确定了一个单词的词性后,可通过上下文来帮助确定其形式。如动词的数、时态、语态、不定式、-ing 形式; 名词的数和所有格;代词的单、复数及各种形式;形容词、副词的比较级以及基数词、序数词的转换形式等。
4. 复读全文,验证答案
填完单词后,不可孤立地逐个词检查,而必须复读全文,仔细检查所填单词是否符合文章的意思,读起来是否流畅、合乎句法等。发现问题应及时更正。通过再读全文,很可能利用语感将个别特别难的空缺顺口“读”出来。复查时注意“三审”:一审语法、词汇对不对;二审逻辑关系顺不顺;三审有没有笔误。
【经典试题】从下面方框中选出10个单词。用它们的适当形式填入短文格内,使短文意思正确、通顺。
I used to watch a little girl playing basketball every day from my kitchen window. One day I asked her why she practiced so1 . She said: “I want to go to college. The only way I can go is2a scholarship (奖学金). I like basketball and I want to be the3player in college. My dad told me: ‘If the dream is big enough, the facts don’t count.’”
She never changed her mind. I watched her through those junior high years and into senior high school. One day before she graduated from high school, I saw her sitting on the grass4 . I asked her what was wrong. She told me that her coach said she was too short to be a good basketball player, so she should stop5about going to college. She was heartbroken and it made me feel bad6 . Then she smiled and told me her father said that the coach was wrong. He did not understand the power (力量) of dream. Her father said to her: “If you
7want to play for the scholarship of a good college, nothing but you8can stop your dream.” He told her again: “If the dream is big enough, the facts don’t count.”
The next year, she and her team went to a big game. She9by a coach of a famous college team and was offered a scholarship to the10basketball team of their college. She was to get the college education that she had dreamed of and worked toward for all those years.
“If the dream is big enough, the facts don’t count.” It is true.
【主旨大意】 本文主要叙述了一个身材矮小的小女孩为获得一笔奖学金和做一名最优秀的篮球运动员的理想,坚持不懈,而最终实现理想的故事。
【答案与解析】
1. much。句意:有一天我问她为什么如此大量地练习。因为这里修饰前面的动词practiced, 且practiced 后有程度副词so, 所以,形容词many 应变为副词much。
2. to get。这里须用动词不定式短语作表语,表示“得到一笔奖学金”。
3. best。根据空格前有定冠词the 和空格后表范围的介词短语in college 可知,这里应填“最好的”,所以good 应变为最高级best。
4. sadly。句意:在她中学毕业前的一天我看见她忧伤地坐在草地上。这里须用副词修饰动词sitting, 所以形容词sad 应变为副词sadly。
5. dreaming。句意:……教练说她身材太矮,成不了一名优秀的篮球运动员,她应该停止上大学的梦想。表示“停止做某事”,用stop doing sth, 所以动词dream 应变为dreaming。
6. too。句意:……这情形也使我感到难过。表示“也”用too。
7. really。句意:如果你真想为一所好大学的奖学金而打球……修饰动词want, 用副词,所以real应变为really。
8. yourself。句意:……没有任何事能阻止你的理想,除了你本人。这里须用反身代词作主语的同位语,所以you 应变为反身yourself。
9. was seen。句意:她被一所著名大学的球队教练看见了。表示被动关系,所以动词see 须使用被动形式was seen。
10. women’s。表示“女子篮球队”。表示所有关系,所以名词woman应变为名词所有格形式women’s。
题型四
“自由填空型”完形填空
【解题技巧】 “自由填空型”完形填空的特点是将一篇短文中的若干个词抽出后,不给任何提示,完全由考生根据短文的意思,在每个空格中填上一个单词,使短文意思完整。
解答此类题目时,考生所填的词在词义上要能使短文意思顺理成章,在语法逻辑上正确无误。因此,做好这类题,主要从以下几个方面入手:
1. 通读短文,掌握大意。先读懂短文,掌握其大意,然后再根据词汇和语法知识,结合文章的内容和上下句结构填入适当的词语(有时会出现多个答案)。
2. 仔细分析词类变化形式和句子结构。在理解文章大意的基础上,对所填词语进行反复推敲。注意:可数与不可数名词;名词的单复数、形容词、副词的级别变化;人称代词、物主代词和反身代词之间的转换以及不定代词的用法;连词的正确使用;各类词语之间的转换。
3. 仔细核实所填词语。在填完后要仔细核实所填词语的拼写是否正确,大小写是否恰当;句子结构是否正确,前后意思是否连贯;全文是否通顺。若发现问题,要根据所学的词汇和语法知识重新推敲,最终敲定答案。
【经典试题】
About three years ago, I felt very lonely. I didn’t like my classmates, my parents or anyone else. My classmates didn’t want to talk1me and my parents were always saying that other kids were better than me. I thought I was the2unlucky person in the world.
One day I had a big fight with one of my classmates. I was so angry3I hit him in the face. Just at that moment, a boy stood up and4the fight. He was the monitor of our class.
After that, he often helped me and we became good
5 . Whenever I got angry or sad, he would help6
to cool down. My life began to change because of the boy, my best friend. We spent a lot of interesting days together. As7goes by, I have become happier with people and things. And it8that people around me have changed, too. My parents don’t shout at me9more and my classmates become friendly to me.
But now I can’t see my best friend because he is seriously10and is staying in hospital. How I miss the days when we were together!I hope he will be all right and come back to school soon.
【主旨大意】本文叙述了一个学生在三年前看到什么都不顺眼,经常打架斗殴,后来在班长的帮助下,认识到了自己的问题,并逐渐改变了自己。
【答案与解析】
1. with / to。talk to / with sb.意思是“与某人交谈”。
2. most。根据the 和in the world 判断,应使用最高级,unlucky 的最高级前应加most。
3. that。根据“so ... that”结构可知,应填that。
4. stopped。根据句意应该是“阻止打架”,用stop, 而且由上下文语境可知应用一般过去时。
5. friends。根据句意可知他们成了朋友。故填friends。
6. me。根据上下文可知是帮助我,动词后用代词的宾格作宾语。
7. time。as time goes by 意为“随着时间的流逝”。
8. seems。it seems that 是固定句型,表示“似乎,好像”。
9. any。not ... any more 是“不再……”的意思。
10. ill / sick。根据后面的“in hospital”可知,他生病了。
题型五
“动词填空型”完形填空
【解题技巧】 “动词填空型”完形填空提供一些动词,要求考生用其正确形式填空,考查形式可以分为两种情况:
1. 动词放在短文中空格的后面。这种类型比较简单,类似于单句的动词填空,同学们做题时只要考虑动词的时态、语态及其变化形式等是否符合文章的意思就行了。
2. 动词放在短文前面或后面。这种类型比上一类型难度大,因为它首先要求同学们根据文章内容选择意思相符的动词,然后再用动词的适当形式填空。供选择的动词数目有时和空格数相等,也可能多于所填写的空格数。对于这种类型的题目,我们应该先读短文再看动词。若有个别动词把握不住,就把它暂时放下,等其他空格填好了,再结合上下文的意思把它填上。另外,在填空的过程中,应注意词组或短语的搭配,有些动词和另外的词搭配在一起后可能会产生新的意义。
【经典试题】阅读短文,用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空(必要时可加情态动词或助动词)。
Henry and Charlie were good friends. They worked in a shop. These days Henry did not come to work, but Charlie did not know why. The shopkeeper said there were too many workers in the shop, so he1(send) some away. Charlie heard of it and wanted to tell his friend Henry about the shopkeeper’s plan. He went to him after supper. When he got there, he2(meet) Henry’s wife at the door.
“Henry3(go) out, hasn’t he?” asked Charlie.
“No, he4(be) in bed,” answered the woman.
“What’s wrong with him?”
“He5(not feel) well,” said his wife.
“What on earth is happening?”
“He6(not fall) asleep the whole night.”
Charlie went into the bedroom and saw his friend
7(lie) in bed, crying loudly in pain.
“Have you seen a doctor, Henry?” asked Charlie.
“Not yet,” said Henry. “My wife bought some medicine for me and I took some just now.”
“You’d better8(go) to see a doctor. They will help you, I think.”
“Sorry, I9(not agree) with you,” said Henry. “Last year I had a terrible stomachache, the doctor cut part of my stomach. Last week I got a bad toothache and the dentist had my tooth10(pull). God knows what the doctor will do with my head this time!”
【主旨大意】通读全文,可以了解到本文讲述的是Henry 和Charlie 是好朋友。Charlie听说商店要减员,他决定去告诉Henry这件事。
【答案与解析】
1. was going to / would send。语境分析,此处应用过去将来时。
2. met。根据上下文,此处应用一般过去时。
3. has gone。根据后面的hasn’t可以判断,此处应用现在完成时。
4. is。表示目前的情况用一般现在时。
5. isn’t feeling / doesn’t feel。
6. didn’t /couldn’t fall。表示过去的动作应用一般过去时。
7. lying。see sb. doing sth.表示“看见某人正在做某事”。
8. go。had better (最好)的后面应接动词原形。
9. can’t / don’t agree意为“不同意”。
10. pulled。have sth. done意为“请人做某事”。
题型六
“短语句子型”完形填空
【解题技巧】 “短语句子型”完形填空主要考查学生的语篇理解能力。要求考生根据语篇情景,用恰当的短语或句子填空,使之意思完整。这种题属开放性试题,考生填写的内容只要语句通顺、符合题意即可。在做题时,应注意动词的时态和语态,注意句子的完整性。特别要注意上下文的联系和对短文的整体理解。
【经典试题】根据语篇情景,用恰当的短语或句子填空,使之意思完整。
The first day of April is commonly known as April Fool’s Day, and on this day people can play tricks (恶作剧) on their friends. For example, you can try to make one of your friends believe something that1 . If your friend falls into your trick, he or she is an April Fool.
“Rita, the head teacher wants you,” said one of her classmates on April 1.
“All right,” she answered and ran to the office building. When she finally2 , the teacher told her that he didn’t want her.
When Rita came back, everyone around her3 , “April fool!” Rita laughed too, but felt so sorry for having been made a fool.
【主旨大意】通读全文,可以了解到本文讲述的是有关愚人节的故事。
【答案与解析】
1. is not true / doesn’t (really) happen。所填内容与前面的that一起作定语,修饰前面的something。
2. found / saw / met the (head) teacher。句意为“当她最后找到/看见/发现校长时,……”。
3.laughed and shouted。当Rita回来时,她周围的人都笑她并大喊……。
1. 在整份试卷中所占的分值较重,占10%~15%,长度一般在130~200个单词左右。
2. 降低了对单词本身的考查要求,重点考查学生对短文的整体理解,上下文的段落衔接,理解分析及推理判断能力。
3. 针对初中学生的实际水平,一般采用故事体,尽量避免专业性太强的文章或论文体。近年来出现了以意义选择为主、语法选择逐渐减少的趋势。
“完形填空”有多种形式,但它在基本设计原则上都是一致的。形式都是从短文中抽去若干词,让考生根据上下文填入适当的词,为了有助于考生填入适当的词,可以提供四个答案(其中包括一个正确答案),让考生选出正确的答案;也可以给出单词首字母完形填空,或者给出字母及单词长度(由几个字母组成);也可以不给考生提供任何线索,完全凭借考生对文章的理解及现有的语言能力来完成。最常见的还是选择型的“完形填空”。
“抽词法”可以是有针对性地抽,也可以是随机地抽。但目前比较流行的是对文章理解能力的考查,而不是单纯对语法结构的考查。
“完形填空”要求考生不仅要会运用自己学过的词汇和语法知识,妥善地处理好每个单词,理解句意,还要处理好单词之间以及单词与全文之间的内在联系,选出适当的词填上,使文章完整、通顺。
完形填空题要求填入的词主要有:构成各种时态和用法区别的动词及短语动词;名词和介词;根据上下文意思及结构必须填入的形容词、副词、代词和连词;同义词、近义词等易混词。考查以实词为主,兼顾虚词和语法结构。难点主要集中在根据上下文作正确判断的词的用法上。
题型一
“选择型”完形填空
【解题技巧】 “选择型”完形填空旨在测试考生综合应用语言的能力。因此,要做好“完形填空”,不仅要具备一定的词法、句法和惯用法等语法知识,而且还要具备阅读理解能力、综合分析能力和运用语言知识的实践能力。
1. 通读全文,了解大意。
完形填空题不同于单项选择填空题,它所给的是一篇意思完整的短文,所选的答案处在整段或整篇文章之中。因此,做完形填空题时,一定要先通读一遍全文,对文章有个全面的了解。所以在做题前,先浏览全文,了解短文的大意,是绝对不可省的一步。切勿为了“省时”而边看边选,否则一定是欲速则不达,造成有的地方内容看不懂或理解错误,填空时或不解其意,或似懂非懂,举棋不定,这样不仅失误率高,且费时不少。
跳过空格读全文。这样可以快速了解全文大意,对文章的体裁,事情的前因后果有个大致了解。阅读中要重视文章首句,这个句子往往是探索短文全貌的“窗口”,常常点明了全文的中心思想,对理解文章影响很大。通读全文时,应采用快速阅读法,如遇个别生词,要么通过上下文或构词法猜测词意,要么暂时略过,不必进行字斟句酌的精读。在阅读中,要特别注意记忆其中最能表现文章内容的关键词或中心句,必要时可用铅笔做记号,划出某些人物或情节的词。考试时切不可在没掌握大意的基础上边读边做,眼睛只在原题与答案之间转动,只看一词一句,犯“只见树木不见森林”的错误。
2. 逐句细读,边读边选。
通读全文,弄懂大意后就可以在细读的基础上完成填空了。这时要细心谨慎,逐句地细读和分析,每填一空都注意形义恰当和前后呼应。做题时要善于发现和利用文中的信息句,从字里行间寻求启示。在做选择题型“完形填空”时,往往会出现这样的问题:乍一看,所给的四个选项似乎都可以选。这是由于解题时仅理解留空的句子,而对上下文不予重视,或把这类题当作单项选择填空来做。有时候,要选对一个选项,仅对前后句子的理解是不够的,而要依赖对文章的掌握,这就要从文章中找出一个与该句关系紧密的关键句子。就某个句子而言,好像要填写的词语很多,但一定要与整篇文章协调,不能与上下文相矛盾。如所给选项是形容词、副词,则需根据其在句中的作用来确定;如选项是动词,则需考虑空白处要求是什么时态、语态或哪种非谓语动词;如选项是连词,可以从连词的一些惯用法和固定搭配入手。做难题应遵循先易后难的原则,对有把握的选项可一锤定音,如果遇到一时难以确定的答案可先不填,先去做后面的,或有把握的,待填完其他空白后,再回过头来做前面的,有时前后空白形成互相提示和补充。往往会读了下文,受到启发,前面的难题也就迎刃而解了。有些完形填空题直到做完最后一个空,才知道第一个空该填的内容。
3. 知识梳理,正确运用。
“完形填空”所要填的大都是常用的一些单词或短语,以动词、名词等实词为主。单独考查语法的题,尤其是那些不用看上下文就能选出正确答案的题很少出现。这就增加了试题的难度。有时候,试题所提供的选项迷惑性很大,如不认真分析辨别,就容易选错。这就要求同学们在学习中,重视对基础知识的学习和归纳,多做这类练习,提高解题能力。
4. 仔细推敲,认真复查。
当一篇“完形填空”做完以后,至少要读一遍,检查所填的词语是否与文章相符,文章是否通顺,前后是否呼应,有无句型结构及语法错误。如果某个空白无法填写,可将四个选项一一代入去试,直到语句通顺为止。
【经典试题】
Time is very important in our lives. But it never had any importance in my life until I1a watch from my father that made me responsible (有责任). It2me the importance of time in my life.
I got this gift on a gray-sky day. I had to go to the
3at 9:00 a.m. to pick up my uncle Ali and take him to my father’s house. However, I forgot it4I was playing with my friends. Later on that day, around 11:00 a. m., I remembered my uncle, but I was late for him. He had got out of plane and5a taxi to my father’s house.
I got to my father’s house at 2:00 p.m.6 . My father looked at me angrily. I said “hi” to him and my
7uncle. My father asked to sit next to him and handed me this watch which was a gift from him. it weighted 8 oz (盎司) and all of it was made of silver. Then he said, “Essa, did you have fun with your friends today? What you did was not very nice and you should be sorry for your8 .” I felt sorry and told my father that I wouldn’t do it again. Then he said, “This watch will be a reminder (提醒物) for you. I hope today you have learned something9 .”
I learned a lesson from my father: to respect (尊敬) time and10be late. The watch is important to me, not because of its price, but because of the lesson that I learned from it.
1. A. bought B. received C. borrowed D. broke
2. A. learned B. found C. sent D. told
3. A. airport B. school C. hospital D. station
4. A. when B. because C. if D. though
5. A. got B. caught C. invited D. taken
6. A. one day before B. the next day
C. the same day D. the other day
7. A. surprised B. tired C. nervous D. lonely
8. A. words B. actions C. play D. fun
9. A. important B. interesting
C. expensive D. wonderful
10. A. never B. usually C. sometimes D. often
【主旨大意】通读全文,我们了解到:本文讲述了作者通过父亲送给自己的一块手表的经历改变了以前不重视时间的不好习惯。
【答案与解析】
1. B。根据题意,直到我收到父亲的手表。故选B。
2. D。根据题意,这块表告诉了我时间的重要性。故选D。
3. A。根据下句可知,他叔叔是坐飞机来的,应该是去机场接。故选A。
4. B。根据题意,作者忘记了去接叔叔是因为和朋友一直在玩,上下句之间是因果关系,故选B。
5. D。根据题意,他叔叔是乘坐出租车去的, take a taxi是习惯搭配,故选D。
6. C。根据文章的时间顺序,这些事应该发生在同一天,故选C。
7. B。根据题意,此时叔叔应该是很累,故选B。
8. B。根据题意,父亲在批评他,他对自己的行为感到惭愧,故选B。
9. A。根据题意,他应该是学到了重要的东西,故选A。
10. A。根据题意,作者通过这次经历受到了很大的教育,所以他不会再迟到,故选A。
题型二
“首字母填词型”完形填空
【解题技巧】“首字母填词型”完形填空要求学生在正确理解和把握文章意思的基础上通过分析行文线索来填写空缺单词的一种考查形式。它是考查学生综合运用英语思维能力的一种有效方法。做好这类题,主要从以下几个方面入手:
1. 通读全句,把握句意。我们可以先跳过空格粗读短文,尽量理解文章的内容,为填写意思相符的答案做好准备。只有文章意思清楚了,才可能根据文意进行合理的判断,从而有可能突然产生“灵感”,将断层点的意义信息比较准确地反映出来。
2. 注意精读,反复琢磨。掌握大意后,还应逐词地仔细阅读,从文章中找出句与文、句与句、词与句、词与词之间的关系,以便初步确定答案。做这类题,有的可根据固定用法来判断,有的可通过上下文意思判断。遇到难词时,就抓住空词句及其前后的句子反复推敲、再三琢磨该词在句中的作用,由此判断出该词的意义。
3. 把握词义,填写准确。这里的“准确”应包括:1)符合要求,即所填单词必须以规定字母开头;2)符合意思。既符合整篇文章的基调,更符合所在句子的含义,不可出现意义断层,说东道西的情况;3)符合语法。意义相符了,单词选准了,还要注意所填单词是否要作词形变化:如名词是否要用复数形式,形容词是否要用比较级,动词是否要变时态等。
4. 复读全文,验证答案。看所填单词是不是最佳单词,拼写是否准确无误,词形是否要作必要的变化,短文是否前后连贯一致,情节发展是否合理,议论是否合乎逻辑等。在检查时,同学们应从词法、句法、惯用法等方面考虑答案的准确性,做到含义、形式都正确。
【经典试题】
Thirty years ago, I walked into your bakery and asked for some loaves (条,块) of bread to sell. At that time, I was 12 years old. A young lady s 1me thatday. She gave me five loaves and wished me good l 2 .
I took the loaves and went out to sell them. It t 3me all day, but I sold them all. At the e 4of the day, I had some money. I was the h 5boy in the world as I walked home that evening.
The next day, I went to a bicycle shop. I paid a
deposit (定金) on a new bicycle. And then I started my next j 6as a newspaper delivery boy. Soon I c 7pay the rest of the money for the bicycle and the bike was mine. I was so proud of m 8 !
Today I still work in the delivery business. I have a lot of trucks to send goods all over the country. I live in a beautiful house, but I don’t ride a bicycle these days. I drive a large nice car.
I don’t know w 9that young lady was. But
b 10she give me the start, I have become a successful man. I’d like to show my thanks to her.
【主旨大意】本文讲述了一个孩子是如何在好心人的帮助下,获得自信心,一步一步地通过自己的努力获得成功的,并且他还常怀着对好心人的感恩之心。
【答案与解析】
1. served。句意:那天一位年轻女了接待了我。动作发生在过去,用一般过去时。
2. luck。根据wished me good 可知,句子要表达的是:祝我好运,所以填名词luck。
3. took。根据句子的主语it及all day可知该处为句型:it takes sb. some time。句意:花了我一整天的时间,所以用take的过去式。
4. end。此处为短语at the end of。
5. happiest。因前面有the, 后面有表示范围的介词短语in the world, 故此处强调自己是最快乐的人,所以形容词happy要变为happiest。
6. job。因as a newspaper delivery boy 是在解释自己所从事的职业,所以填job。
7. could。句意:很快我能付清买自行车的余款……所以填情态动词could。
8. myself。强调自己,用反身代词作宾语,填myself。
9. who / whom。句意:我不知道那个年轻女子是谁。用who或whom引导宾语从句,且在从句中作宾语。
10. because。本句是在解释我成功的原因,所以填because, 引导原因状语从句。
题型三
“选词填空型”完形填空
【解题技巧】 “选词填空型”完形填空要求考生利用所给的单词(一般有名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、冠词、介词和连词等)补全一篇有空缺的短文。要想提高此类题型的答题准确率,考生除了要进行大量的课外阅读,积累丰富的语言知识外,还需掌握一定的解题技巧。做这种类型的题目时,首先应该根据语法判定词性。一般的空缺都可以通过其所充当的句子成分判断其词性。然后再根据短文内容和上下文在同样词性的备选词当中推测正确答案,进一步缩小单词的选择范围,从而正确地选词。在初选单词后,不要轻率地填入,因为有时所提供的备选答案多于我们所需要的答案,同学们要仔细斟酌,把不符合文章内容的备选答案排除掉,选择最符合题意的选项,在选定了所需的单词后,要瞻前顾后,保证单词的形式正确。做好这类题,主要从以下几个方面入手:
1. 通读全文,明确大意
越过空格,通读全文,理顺题意,找到关键信息(暗示词)。要填的单词肯定是在一定的语言环境中才能确定。只有了解了短文大意,把握了全文的主导方向,才能正确理解空缺词所在的句子,缩小词的选择范围。
2. 根据语法,判定词性
一般的空缺都可以通过其所在的句式结构和句法成分来判断其词性,从而进一步缩小词的选择范围。
3. 利用语境,确定词形
确定了一个单词的词性后,可通过上下文来帮助确定其形式。如动词的数、时态、语态、不定式、-ing 形式; 名词的数和所有格;代词的单、复数及各种形式;形容词、副词的比较级以及基数词、序数词的转换形式等。
4. 复读全文,验证答案
填完单词后,不可孤立地逐个词检查,而必须复读全文,仔细检查所填单词是否符合文章的意思,读起来是否流畅、合乎句法等。发现问题应及时更正。通过再读全文,很可能利用语感将个别特别难的空缺顺口“读”出来。复查时注意“三审”:一审语法、词汇对不对;二审逻辑关系顺不顺;三审有没有笔误。
【经典试题】从下面方框中选出10个单词。用它们的适当形式填入短文格内,使短文意思正确、通顺。
I used to watch a little girl playing basketball every day from my kitchen window. One day I asked her why she practiced so1 . She said: “I want to go to college. The only way I can go is2a scholarship (奖学金). I like basketball and I want to be the3player in college. My dad told me: ‘If the dream is big enough, the facts don’t count.’”
She never changed her mind. I watched her through those junior high years and into senior high school. One day before she graduated from high school, I saw her sitting on the grass4 . I asked her what was wrong. She told me that her coach said she was too short to be a good basketball player, so she should stop5about going to college. She was heartbroken and it made me feel bad6 . Then she smiled and told me her father said that the coach was wrong. He did not understand the power (力量) of dream. Her father said to her: “If you
7want to play for the scholarship of a good college, nothing but you8can stop your dream.” He told her again: “If the dream is big enough, the facts don’t count.”
The next year, she and her team went to a big game. She9by a coach of a famous college team and was offered a scholarship to the10basketball team of their college. She was to get the college education that she had dreamed of and worked toward for all those years.
“If the dream is big enough, the facts don’t count.” It is true.
【主旨大意】 本文主要叙述了一个身材矮小的小女孩为获得一笔奖学金和做一名最优秀的篮球运动员的理想,坚持不懈,而最终实现理想的故事。
【答案与解析】
1. much。句意:有一天我问她为什么如此大量地练习。因为这里修饰前面的动词practiced, 且practiced 后有程度副词so, 所以,形容词many 应变为副词much。
2. to get。这里须用动词不定式短语作表语,表示“得到一笔奖学金”。
3. best。根据空格前有定冠词the 和空格后表范围的介词短语in college 可知,这里应填“最好的”,所以good 应变为最高级best。
4. sadly。句意:在她中学毕业前的一天我看见她忧伤地坐在草地上。这里须用副词修饰动词sitting, 所以形容词sad 应变为副词sadly。
5. dreaming。句意:……教练说她身材太矮,成不了一名优秀的篮球运动员,她应该停止上大学的梦想。表示“停止做某事”,用stop doing sth, 所以动词dream 应变为dreaming。
6. too。句意:……这情形也使我感到难过。表示“也”用too。
7. really。句意:如果你真想为一所好大学的奖学金而打球……修饰动词want, 用副词,所以real应变为really。
8. yourself。句意:……没有任何事能阻止你的理想,除了你本人。这里须用反身代词作主语的同位语,所以you 应变为反身yourself。
9. was seen。句意:她被一所著名大学的球队教练看见了。表示被动关系,所以动词see 须使用被动形式was seen。
10. women’s。表示“女子篮球队”。表示所有关系,所以名词woman应变为名词所有格形式women’s。
题型四
“自由填空型”完形填空
【解题技巧】 “自由填空型”完形填空的特点是将一篇短文中的若干个词抽出后,不给任何提示,完全由考生根据短文的意思,在每个空格中填上一个单词,使短文意思完整。
解答此类题目时,考生所填的词在词义上要能使短文意思顺理成章,在语法逻辑上正确无误。因此,做好这类题,主要从以下几个方面入手:
1. 通读短文,掌握大意。先读懂短文,掌握其大意,然后再根据词汇和语法知识,结合文章的内容和上下句结构填入适当的词语(有时会出现多个答案)。
2. 仔细分析词类变化形式和句子结构。在理解文章大意的基础上,对所填词语进行反复推敲。注意:可数与不可数名词;名词的单复数、形容词、副词的级别变化;人称代词、物主代词和反身代词之间的转换以及不定代词的用法;连词的正确使用;各类词语之间的转换。
3. 仔细核实所填词语。在填完后要仔细核实所填词语的拼写是否正确,大小写是否恰当;句子结构是否正确,前后意思是否连贯;全文是否通顺。若发现问题,要根据所学的词汇和语法知识重新推敲,最终敲定答案。
【经典试题】
About three years ago, I felt very lonely. I didn’t like my classmates, my parents or anyone else. My classmates didn’t want to talk1me and my parents were always saying that other kids were better than me. I thought I was the2unlucky person in the world.
One day I had a big fight with one of my classmates. I was so angry3I hit him in the face. Just at that moment, a boy stood up and4the fight. He was the monitor of our class.
After that, he often helped me and we became good
5 . Whenever I got angry or sad, he would help6
to cool down. My life began to change because of the boy, my best friend. We spent a lot of interesting days together. As7goes by, I have become happier with people and things. And it8that people around me have changed, too. My parents don’t shout at me9more and my classmates become friendly to me.
But now I can’t see my best friend because he is seriously10and is staying in hospital. How I miss the days when we were together!I hope he will be all right and come back to school soon.
【主旨大意】本文叙述了一个学生在三年前看到什么都不顺眼,经常打架斗殴,后来在班长的帮助下,认识到了自己的问题,并逐渐改变了自己。
【答案与解析】
1. with / to。talk to / with sb.意思是“与某人交谈”。
2. most。根据the 和in the world 判断,应使用最高级,unlucky 的最高级前应加most。
3. that。根据“so ... that”结构可知,应填that。
4. stopped。根据句意应该是“阻止打架”,用stop, 而且由上下文语境可知应用一般过去时。
5. friends。根据句意可知他们成了朋友。故填friends。
6. me。根据上下文可知是帮助我,动词后用代词的宾格作宾语。
7. time。as time goes by 意为“随着时间的流逝”。
8. seems。it seems that 是固定句型,表示“似乎,好像”。
9. any。not ... any more 是“不再……”的意思。
10. ill / sick。根据后面的“in hospital”可知,他生病了。
题型五
“动词填空型”完形填空
【解题技巧】 “动词填空型”完形填空提供一些动词,要求考生用其正确形式填空,考查形式可以分为两种情况:
1. 动词放在短文中空格的后面。这种类型比较简单,类似于单句的动词填空,同学们做题时只要考虑动词的时态、语态及其变化形式等是否符合文章的意思就行了。
2. 动词放在短文前面或后面。这种类型比上一类型难度大,因为它首先要求同学们根据文章内容选择意思相符的动词,然后再用动词的适当形式填空。供选择的动词数目有时和空格数相等,也可能多于所填写的空格数。对于这种类型的题目,我们应该先读短文再看动词。若有个别动词把握不住,就把它暂时放下,等其他空格填好了,再结合上下文的意思把它填上。另外,在填空的过程中,应注意词组或短语的搭配,有些动词和另外的词搭配在一起后可能会产生新的意义。
【经典试题】阅读短文,用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空(必要时可加情态动词或助动词)。
Henry and Charlie were good friends. They worked in a shop. These days Henry did not come to work, but Charlie did not know why. The shopkeeper said there were too many workers in the shop, so he1(send) some away. Charlie heard of it and wanted to tell his friend Henry about the shopkeeper’s plan. He went to him after supper. When he got there, he2(meet) Henry’s wife at the door.
“Henry3(go) out, hasn’t he?” asked Charlie.
“No, he4(be) in bed,” answered the woman.
“What’s wrong with him?”
“He5(not feel) well,” said his wife.
“What on earth is happening?”
“He6(not fall) asleep the whole night.”
Charlie went into the bedroom and saw his friend
7(lie) in bed, crying loudly in pain.
“Have you seen a doctor, Henry?” asked Charlie.
“Not yet,” said Henry. “My wife bought some medicine for me and I took some just now.”
“You’d better8(go) to see a doctor. They will help you, I think.”
“Sorry, I9(not agree) with you,” said Henry. “Last year I had a terrible stomachache, the doctor cut part of my stomach. Last week I got a bad toothache and the dentist had my tooth10(pull). God knows what the doctor will do with my head this time!”
【主旨大意】通读全文,可以了解到本文讲述的是Henry 和Charlie 是好朋友。Charlie听说商店要减员,他决定去告诉Henry这件事。
【答案与解析】
1. was going to / would send。语境分析,此处应用过去将来时。
2. met。根据上下文,此处应用一般过去时。
3. has gone。根据后面的hasn’t可以判断,此处应用现在完成时。
4. is。表示目前的情况用一般现在时。
5. isn’t feeling / doesn’t feel。
6. didn’t /couldn’t fall。表示过去的动作应用一般过去时。
7. lying。see sb. doing sth.表示“看见某人正在做某事”。
8. go。had better (最好)的后面应接动词原形。
9. can’t / don’t agree意为“不同意”。
10. pulled。have sth. done意为“请人做某事”。
题型六
“短语句子型”完形填空
【解题技巧】 “短语句子型”完形填空主要考查学生的语篇理解能力。要求考生根据语篇情景,用恰当的短语或句子填空,使之意思完整。这种题属开放性试题,考生填写的内容只要语句通顺、符合题意即可。在做题时,应注意动词的时态和语态,注意句子的完整性。特别要注意上下文的联系和对短文的整体理解。
【经典试题】根据语篇情景,用恰当的短语或句子填空,使之意思完整。
The first day of April is commonly known as April Fool’s Day, and on this day people can play tricks (恶作剧) on their friends. For example, you can try to make one of your friends believe something that1 . If your friend falls into your trick, he or she is an April Fool.
“Rita, the head teacher wants you,” said one of her classmates on April 1.
“All right,” she answered and ran to the office building. When she finally2 , the teacher told her that he didn’t want her.
When Rita came back, everyone around her3 , “April fool!” Rita laughed too, but felt so sorry for having been made a fool.
【主旨大意】通读全文,可以了解到本文讲述的是有关愚人节的故事。
【答案与解析】
1. is not true / doesn’t (really) happen。所填内容与前面的that一起作定语,修饰前面的something。
2. found / saw / met the (head) teacher。句意为“当她最后找到/看见/发现校长时,……”。
3.laughed and shouted。当Rita回来时,她周围的人都笑她并大喊……。