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[摘要] 目的 评价高危HPVE6/E7mRNA在宫颈病变中的临床价值。 方法 将70例低度宫颈病变(慢性宫颈炎),子宫颈上皮内瘤变(CINI级)和78例高级别宫颈病变(包括CINⅡ级CINⅢ级和宫颈浸润性癌)分为两组。低度宫颈病变为对照组,高级别宫颈癌组为实验组。 分别进行HPV DNA分型和HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测。结果 低度子宫颈病变和高度子宫颈病变的阳性率分别为14.2%和79.5%。HPV DNA分型检测结果,低度子宫颈病变和高度子宫颈病变的阳性率分别为35.7%和85.7%。高风险HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测特异性,阳性预测值,阴性预测值(85.8%,86.1%,83.5%)显着高于(64.3%,70.5%,71.4%),差异有统计学意义。 结论 高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测有效降低了临床诊断中的过度检查和过度治疗的机会,避免了患者因高频重复感染引起的经济负担和精神压力。
[关键词] 人乳头瘤状病毒HPV;HPV DNA检测;HPV E6/E7检测;宫颈癌;方法对比
[中图分類号] R737.33 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2017)12-19-04
Comparative study of diagnostic value of HPV DNA and E6 / E7 mRNA detection in cervical lesions
LIANG Haiyan CHEN Xiaohong
Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the clinical value of high risk HPVE6/E7 mRNA in cervical lesions. Methods 70 patients with lower-grade cervical lesions (chronic cervicitis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasis, CINI-grade) and 78 patients with high-grade cervical lesions (including CINII grade, CINⅢ grade and cervical invasive carcinoma) were divided into two groups. Lower-grade cervical lesions were set as the control group while high-grade cervical lesions were set as the experimental group. They were respectively given HPV DNA typing and HPVE6/E7 mRNA detection. Results Detection of high risk HPVE6/E7 mRNA. Positive rates of lower-grade cervical lesions and high-grade cervical lesions were respectively 14.2% and 79.5%. Detection results of HPV DNA typing. Positive rates of lower-grade cervical lesions and high-grade cervical lesions were respectively 35.7% and 85.7%. Specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of high risk HPVE6/E7 mRNA detection were respectively 85.8%, 86.1% and 83.5%, significantly higher than those 64.3%, 70.5% and 71.4%. Difference was statistically significant. Conclusion High-risk HPVE6/E7 mRNA detection can effectively reduce the chance of over-examination and over-treatment in clinical diagnosis and avoid the economic burden and mental stress caused by high-frequency repeated infection.
[Key words] Human papilloma virus HPV; HPV DNA detection; HPV E6/E7 detection; Cervical cancer; Method comparison
子宫颈癌是在宫颈阴道或移行带、子宫颈内膜的上皮交界處发生的恶性肿瘤[1]。世界卫生组织的统计显示,乳腺癌和子宫颈癌是两种主要疾病对女性健康的威胁,宫颈癌的发病率已跃居中国女性恶性肿瘤的第一位,发病趋势向年轻化发展,发病率逐年攀升[2]。对宫颈癌的病因研究结果发现,人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)是影响宫颈癌发生和发展的主要因素[3]。近年来,越来越多的HPV DNA检测方法已被用于检测宫颈病变,应用HPV DNA检测方法可以有效降低宫颈癌的发病率,但HPV DNA检测是检测原癌基因转录的其中一种手段,但其HPV活性是不可预测的[4]。另有研究指出,高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测手段可对病毒的活动程度和预测疾病的程度进行检测,更有利于宫颈癌病情的判断[5]。为了探索其检测效果,本研究拟对高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA的临床价值进行研究,结果如下。 1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集2016年1~12月在汕头大学医学院第一附属医院妇产科收治患者148例。收集病例的纳入标准为:成年有性生活史女性,有宫颈疾变症状(主要是接触性出血,阴道分泌物异常,下腹痛,阴道异常流血等),排除其他系统肿瘤病理。对148例患者进行宫颈细胞(TCT)HPV DNA分型和高危HPV mRNA检测,对于阳性患者进行阴道镜宫颈活检,并送到病理部病做理组织学检查,以病理诊断报告为金标准。根据病理诊断结果分为两组,低度宫颈病变(慢性宫颈炎,CIN I级患者)共有70例作为对照组,对照组年龄在30 ~ 62岁之间平均年龄为(32.8±1.7)岁。高度子宫颈病变(包括CINⅡ级,CINⅢ级和宫颈侵袭性癌为实验组,年龄在30~65岁之间,平均年龄为(30.5±2.1)岁。两组患者年龄,病程和病史无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
1.2 方法
TCT检测采用液基细胞学专用刷完全插入宫颈,顺时针刷宫颈3~5周,收集子宫颈和子宫颈管脱落上皮细胞,把收集到细胞保存在含有细胞保存液瓶的中,涂片,固定,染色,然后由专业病理医师读片。使用国际癌症协会的诊断标准推荐2001 TBS(The Bethesda System)分级系统进行CIN分级诊断。 HPV DNA分型使用凯普 HPV专用宫颈刷,靠近子宫颈轻微顺时针旋转5周,放入含有专用细胞储存溶液管中。使用凯普医学核酸分子杂交仪和它们的支持试剂,包括14个高危HPV(16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59,66,68),5种低危HPV(6,11,42,43,44)和2种国内常见HPV亚型(53,CP8304),检测程序包括样品HPV DNA提取,PCR扩增,核酸分子快速转移杂交和解释结果, TCT检测残留标本用于高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA的检测,试剂盒和仪器均购自上海生工,特异性检测14种高危HPV(16,18,31 ,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59,66和68),主要步骤包括细胞裂解,杂交捕获mRNA,信号放大,底物发光反应,用冷光仪检测的光子数量,Diacarta计算机软件自动计算转换结果获得最终拷贝数,拷贝数>0判断为阳性。通过阴道镜取宫颈组织活检,制成石蜡切片,由专业病理医师阅片。组织病理学诊断分为:慢性宫颈炎,CIN Ⅰ级,CINⅡ级,CINⅢ级,宫颈浸润性癌。
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS17.0软件分析上述数据,计量资料为()的形式。数据通过t检验或非参数检验进行统计分析。计数资料用率或百分比描述两组之间的差异。 两种方法的灵敏度,特异性和阳性预测值和阴性预测值,用χ2检验进行比较。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两种检测方法的检出率对比结果
高危HPVE6/E7mRNA检测结果,低度子宫颈病变和高度子宫颈病变的阳性病例分别为10例和62例,阳性率分别为14.2%和79.5%。HPV DNA分型检测结果,低度子宫颈病变和高度子宫颈病变的阳性病例分别为25例和60例,阳性率分别为35.7%和85.7%。所有研究病例中HPVE6/E7mRNA检測的阳性病例为72例,阳性率为48.6%。 HPV DNA分型检测的阳性病例为85例,阳性率为57.4%。低度宫颈病变组中,高危HPV DNA的检出率(35.7%)显著高于高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检出率(14.2%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),高级宫颈病变中,高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA的检出率(79.5%)显著低于高危HPV DNA检出率(85.7%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);高危HPV DNA分型检出率(57.4%)高于高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检处率(48.6%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
2.2 两种检测方法的病理诊断结果比较
高危HPV DNA分型检测敏感度(85.7%)高于高危型HPV E6/E7 mRNA(79.5%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高危HPV DNA分型检测的特异性(64.3%)低于HPV E6/E7 mRNA(85.8%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高危HPV DNA分型检测阳性预测值(70.5%)低于HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测的阳性预测值(86.1%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高危HPV DNA分型检测阴性预测值(71.4%)低于HPV E6/E7 mRNA(83.5%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。通过比较可知,除灵敏度较低之外,HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测的特异性,阳性预测值和阴性预测值均高于HPV DNA分型检测的特异性,阳性预测值和阴性预测值。说明高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测可以更好地诊断宫颈疾病,特别是对于高度病变的宫颈疾病,诊断价值较高。具体见表2 ~ 3。
3 讨论
子宫颈癌是妇科的常见恶性肿瘤之一,人群的发病率在女性恶性肿瘤中名列前茅,发病率居第二位[6]。近年来,发病率和死亡率呈上升趋势,根据相关的研究结果显示,2011年宫颈癌死亡人数是2000年的1.3倍,且具有發病率轻化的趋势,由区域经济、种族和其他因素,宫颈癌发病率和死亡率在全国各地区之间有显著差异[7]。 HPV是存在于宫颈细胞中的双链闭合环状DNA病毒,其含有约7900个碱基对,并属于嗜上皮病毒[8]。临床研究已经发现,基于基因组核酸病毒的不同,HPV病毒可以分类为不同的基因型[9]。到目前为止,已经发现了超过150种HPV亚型,其中40种与生殖器上皮感染相关[10]。 E6 / E7基因在HPV早期编码区出现是宫伴随着颈癌恶化发生的。一旦病毒细胞中的E6 / E7基因高度表达,高水平的E6 / E7提示子宫颈癌变细胞高度恶化[11]。E6/E7 mRNA作为E6和E7基因产物与癌基因活性相关,HPV感染水平可用检测病毒中的高危E6 / E7 mRNA水平进行判断[12]。 在本研究中,我們發现低度宫颈病变组中,高危HPV DNA分型的检出率(35.7%)显著高于高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA(14.2%),差异有统计学意(χ2=5.59,P=0.018)。高级别宫颈病变组中,高风险HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测率(79.5%)明显低于高危HPV DNA分型(85.7%),差异有统计学意义(χ2= 6.12,P=0.031)。高危HPV DNA检出率(57.4%)高于高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA(48.6%),差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.13,P=0.975)。这项研究的结果与以前的研究一致,也就是说,随着宫颈病变级别的加重,高危HPVE6/E7mRNA检出率也有所上升,主要原因是早期HPV感染,细胞内病毒致癌基因表达量低,随着病情进展,细胞内E6 / E7 mRNA大量转录,导致E6、E7癌基因的高水平表达[13]。近年来,研究表明E6 / E7 mRNA拷贝数在宫颈癌诊断和治疗方面有一定价值。也证实随着宫颈病变的进展,细胞内E6 / E7 mRNA表现出高水平的表达,E6 / E7 mRNA拷贝数增加,E6,E7癌蛋白基因表达量增加[14]。
同时,本研究还发现高风险HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测的特异性,阳性预测值,阴性预测值高于高危HPV DNA分型检测,高风险HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测能更好地诊断子宫颈疾病,特别是对于高度病变的宫颈疾病,诊断价值更高,与以往研究结果一致[15-16],我们可以认为高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测在临床诊断中具有高价值,与高危HPV DNA分型检测相比,检测结果更准确。在实际工作中可以考虑使用联合检测方法进行检测,如高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测与细胞学结合诊断疾病,既可提高宫颈疾病诊断的水平,也可减少漏诊率。
综上所述,高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测作为常用的诊断手段在临床诊断宫颈癌症时可与转录活性的诊断结合,大大降低了过度检查和过度治疗的机会,避免了短期高频率检查和反复感染对患者造成的经济负担和精神压力。因此,高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测在临床上具有非常重要应用价值。
[参考文献]
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(收稿日期:2017-03-15)
[关键词] 人乳头瘤状病毒HPV;HPV DNA检测;HPV E6/E7检测;宫颈癌;方法对比
[中图分類号] R737.33 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2017)12-19-04
Comparative study of diagnostic value of HPV DNA and E6 / E7 mRNA detection in cervical lesions
LIANG Haiyan CHEN Xiaohong
Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the clinical value of high risk HPVE6/E7 mRNA in cervical lesions. Methods 70 patients with lower-grade cervical lesions (chronic cervicitis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasis, CINI-grade) and 78 patients with high-grade cervical lesions (including CINII grade, CINⅢ grade and cervical invasive carcinoma) were divided into two groups. Lower-grade cervical lesions were set as the control group while high-grade cervical lesions were set as the experimental group. They were respectively given HPV DNA typing and HPVE6/E7 mRNA detection. Results Detection of high risk HPVE6/E7 mRNA. Positive rates of lower-grade cervical lesions and high-grade cervical lesions were respectively 14.2% and 79.5%. Detection results of HPV DNA typing. Positive rates of lower-grade cervical lesions and high-grade cervical lesions were respectively 35.7% and 85.7%. Specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of high risk HPVE6/E7 mRNA detection were respectively 85.8%, 86.1% and 83.5%, significantly higher than those 64.3%, 70.5% and 71.4%. Difference was statistically significant. Conclusion High-risk HPVE6/E7 mRNA detection can effectively reduce the chance of over-examination and over-treatment in clinical diagnosis and avoid the economic burden and mental stress caused by high-frequency repeated infection.
[Key words] Human papilloma virus HPV; HPV DNA detection; HPV E6/E7 detection; Cervical cancer; Method comparison
子宫颈癌是在宫颈阴道或移行带、子宫颈内膜的上皮交界處发生的恶性肿瘤[1]。世界卫生组织的统计显示,乳腺癌和子宫颈癌是两种主要疾病对女性健康的威胁,宫颈癌的发病率已跃居中国女性恶性肿瘤的第一位,发病趋势向年轻化发展,发病率逐年攀升[2]。对宫颈癌的病因研究结果发现,人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)是影响宫颈癌发生和发展的主要因素[3]。近年来,越来越多的HPV DNA检测方法已被用于检测宫颈病变,应用HPV DNA检测方法可以有效降低宫颈癌的发病率,但HPV DNA检测是检测原癌基因转录的其中一种手段,但其HPV活性是不可预测的[4]。另有研究指出,高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测手段可对病毒的活动程度和预测疾病的程度进行检测,更有利于宫颈癌病情的判断[5]。为了探索其检测效果,本研究拟对高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA的临床价值进行研究,结果如下。 1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集2016年1~12月在汕头大学医学院第一附属医院妇产科收治患者148例。收集病例的纳入标准为:成年有性生活史女性,有宫颈疾变症状(主要是接触性出血,阴道分泌物异常,下腹痛,阴道异常流血等),排除其他系统肿瘤病理。对148例患者进行宫颈细胞(TCT)HPV DNA分型和高危HPV mRNA检测,对于阳性患者进行阴道镜宫颈活检,并送到病理部病做理组织学检查,以病理诊断报告为金标准。根据病理诊断结果分为两组,低度宫颈病变(慢性宫颈炎,CIN I级患者)共有70例作为对照组,对照组年龄在30 ~ 62岁之间平均年龄为(32.8±1.7)岁。高度子宫颈病变(包括CINⅡ级,CINⅢ级和宫颈侵袭性癌为实验组,年龄在30~65岁之间,平均年龄为(30.5±2.1)岁。两组患者年龄,病程和病史无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
1.2 方法
TCT检测采用液基细胞学专用刷完全插入宫颈,顺时针刷宫颈3~5周,收集子宫颈和子宫颈管脱落上皮细胞,把收集到细胞保存在含有细胞保存液瓶的中,涂片,固定,染色,然后由专业病理医师读片。使用国际癌症协会的诊断标准推荐2001 TBS(The Bethesda System)分级系统进行CIN分级诊断。 HPV DNA分型使用凯普 HPV专用宫颈刷,靠近子宫颈轻微顺时针旋转5周,放入含有专用细胞储存溶液管中。使用凯普医学核酸分子杂交仪和它们的支持试剂,包括14个高危HPV(16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59,66,68),5种低危HPV(6,11,42,43,44)和2种国内常见HPV亚型(53,CP8304),检测程序包括样品HPV DNA提取,PCR扩增,核酸分子快速转移杂交和解释结果, TCT检测残留标本用于高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA的检测,试剂盒和仪器均购自上海生工,特异性检测14种高危HPV(16,18,31 ,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59,66和68),主要步骤包括细胞裂解,杂交捕获mRNA,信号放大,底物发光反应,用冷光仪检测的光子数量,Diacarta计算机软件自动计算转换结果获得最终拷贝数,拷贝数>0判断为阳性。通过阴道镜取宫颈组织活检,制成石蜡切片,由专业病理医师阅片。组织病理学诊断分为:慢性宫颈炎,CIN Ⅰ级,CINⅡ级,CINⅢ级,宫颈浸润性癌。
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS17.0软件分析上述数据,计量资料为()的形式。数据通过t检验或非参数检验进行统计分析。计数资料用率或百分比描述两组之间的差异。 两种方法的灵敏度,特异性和阳性预测值和阴性预测值,用χ2检验进行比较。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两种检测方法的检出率对比结果
高危HPVE6/E7mRNA检测结果,低度子宫颈病变和高度子宫颈病变的阳性病例分别为10例和62例,阳性率分别为14.2%和79.5%。HPV DNA分型检测结果,低度子宫颈病变和高度子宫颈病变的阳性病例分别为25例和60例,阳性率分别为35.7%和85.7%。所有研究病例中HPVE6/E7mRNA检測的阳性病例为72例,阳性率为48.6%。 HPV DNA分型检测的阳性病例为85例,阳性率为57.4%。低度宫颈病变组中,高危HPV DNA的检出率(35.7%)显著高于高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检出率(14.2%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),高级宫颈病变中,高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA的检出率(79.5%)显著低于高危HPV DNA检出率(85.7%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);高危HPV DNA分型检出率(57.4%)高于高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检处率(48.6%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
2.2 两种检测方法的病理诊断结果比较
高危HPV DNA分型检测敏感度(85.7%)高于高危型HPV E6/E7 mRNA(79.5%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高危HPV DNA分型检测的特异性(64.3%)低于HPV E6/E7 mRNA(85.8%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高危HPV DNA分型检测阳性预测值(70.5%)低于HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测的阳性预测值(86.1%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高危HPV DNA分型检测阴性预测值(71.4%)低于HPV E6/E7 mRNA(83.5%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。通过比较可知,除灵敏度较低之外,HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测的特异性,阳性预测值和阴性预测值均高于HPV DNA分型检测的特异性,阳性预测值和阴性预测值。说明高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测可以更好地诊断宫颈疾病,特别是对于高度病变的宫颈疾病,诊断价值较高。具体见表2 ~ 3。
3 讨论
子宫颈癌是妇科的常见恶性肿瘤之一,人群的发病率在女性恶性肿瘤中名列前茅,发病率居第二位[6]。近年来,发病率和死亡率呈上升趋势,根据相关的研究结果显示,2011年宫颈癌死亡人数是2000年的1.3倍,且具有發病率轻化的趋势,由区域经济、种族和其他因素,宫颈癌发病率和死亡率在全国各地区之间有显著差异[7]。 HPV是存在于宫颈细胞中的双链闭合环状DNA病毒,其含有约7900个碱基对,并属于嗜上皮病毒[8]。临床研究已经发现,基于基因组核酸病毒的不同,HPV病毒可以分类为不同的基因型[9]。到目前为止,已经发现了超过150种HPV亚型,其中40种与生殖器上皮感染相关[10]。 E6 / E7基因在HPV早期编码区出现是宫伴随着颈癌恶化发生的。一旦病毒细胞中的E6 / E7基因高度表达,高水平的E6 / E7提示子宫颈癌变细胞高度恶化[11]。E6/E7 mRNA作为E6和E7基因产物与癌基因活性相关,HPV感染水平可用检测病毒中的高危E6 / E7 mRNA水平进行判断[12]。 在本研究中,我們發现低度宫颈病变组中,高危HPV DNA分型的检出率(35.7%)显著高于高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA(14.2%),差异有统计学意(χ2=5.59,P=0.018)。高级别宫颈病变组中,高风险HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测率(79.5%)明显低于高危HPV DNA分型(85.7%),差异有统计学意义(χ2= 6.12,P=0.031)。高危HPV DNA检出率(57.4%)高于高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA(48.6%),差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.13,P=0.975)。这项研究的结果与以前的研究一致,也就是说,随着宫颈病变级别的加重,高危HPVE6/E7mRNA检出率也有所上升,主要原因是早期HPV感染,细胞内病毒致癌基因表达量低,随着病情进展,细胞内E6 / E7 mRNA大量转录,导致E6、E7癌基因的高水平表达[13]。近年来,研究表明E6 / E7 mRNA拷贝数在宫颈癌诊断和治疗方面有一定价值。也证实随着宫颈病变的进展,细胞内E6 / E7 mRNA表现出高水平的表达,E6 / E7 mRNA拷贝数增加,E6,E7癌蛋白基因表达量增加[14]。
同时,本研究还发现高风险HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测的特异性,阳性预测值,阴性预测值高于高危HPV DNA分型检测,高风险HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测能更好地诊断子宫颈疾病,特别是对于高度病变的宫颈疾病,诊断价值更高,与以往研究结果一致[15-16],我们可以认为高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测在临床诊断中具有高价值,与高危HPV DNA分型检测相比,检测结果更准确。在实际工作中可以考虑使用联合检测方法进行检测,如高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测与细胞学结合诊断疾病,既可提高宫颈疾病诊断的水平,也可减少漏诊率。
综上所述,高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测作为常用的诊断手段在临床诊断宫颈癌症时可与转录活性的诊断结合,大大降低了过度检查和过度治疗的机会,避免了短期高频率检查和反复感染对患者造成的经济负担和精神压力。因此,高危HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测在临床上具有非常重要应用价值。
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(收稿日期:2017-03-15)