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难点一、时间错综的虚拟结构
在虚拟条件句中，有时主句与从句所指的时间不一致，这时，我们不能照搬虚拟条件句式结构的某种形式，而应根据主从句动词实际的时间概念来确定动词的虚拟结构。例如：
If she had followed the doctor’s advice, she would be quite all right now. 如果她当初听了医生的忠告的话，她现在就完全康复了。
说明：这是一个与事实相反的非真实条件句。if引导的条件句中的动作是过去发生的事情，说明与过去事实相反，应选用过去完成时，而主句中的动作受现在时间状语now的限制，说明与现在事实相反，故主句应选用would(could, should, might)+动词原形结构。又如：
If the young tree had been watered, it wouldn’t die now.
如果给那棵小树浇了水，它现在就不会枯死了。
难点二、省略if的虚拟结构
在虚拟条件句中，如果if 引导的虚拟条件句中有should, had或were等助动词，表示与将来、过去或现在事实相反时，if常可以省略。这时，从句要采用倒装结构，即将从句中的助动词should, had, were调至主语之前。
例1 Were I in school again, I would study harder.
=If I were in school again, I would study harder.
如果我（现在）再上学的话，我会更加努力学习的。(与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句)
例2 Should it (Were it to) snow tomorrow, we would be very happy.
=If it should (If it were to) snow tomorrow, we would be very happy.
如果明天下雪，我们将很高兴。(与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句)
例3 Had it not been for your help, I couldn’t have finished it ahead of time. =If it hadn’t been for your help, I couldn’t have finished it ahead of time.
要不是你的帮助，我就不能提前完成这项任务。(与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句)
难点三、并列连词或副词暗示的虚拟结构
在一个并列句型结构中，有时假设的条件不通过条件从句表示出来，而是由句中的并列连词或副词暗示出来。常见的并列连词或副词有but, or, otherwise等。
例1 I would have gone to America with my friend, but I was stopped by my mother. 要不是我母亲阻止我，我就跟我朋友去美国了。
分析：该句是由并列连词but连接的并列句。后一分句强调的是过去发生的客观事实，故要用一般过去时的陈述结构；前一分句中，根据but转折连词的暗示，实际上省略了一个与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句If I hadn’t been stopped，故前一分句应视为省略了条件句的主句结构，与过去事实相反，应用would have gone。又如：
I would have gone to your party, but you didn’t invite me.
=I would have gone to your party (if you had invited me), but you didn’t invite me.
例2 Yesterday he didn’t join in our discussion, or I would have told him about it. 昨天他没有参加我们的讨论，否则我就把这件事告诉他了。
分析：前一分句为过去已发生的客观事实，应选用一般过去时结构，但连词or暗示了后一分句中的一个与过去事实相反的非真实情况，实际上省略了一个与过去事实相反的条件句If he had joined in our discussion yesterday，故后一分句应视为省略了条件句的主句结构，与过去事实相反，应用would have told。又如：
I was ill that day, or I would have taken part in the sports meet.
=I was ill that day, or I would have taken part in the sports meet (if I hadn’t been ill that day)
例3 He didn’t get up earlier this morning, otherwise, he would have caught the first bus.
今天早晨他起床迟了，要不然，他就赶上早班车了。
分析：句中副词otherwise暗示了条件，并说明了后一分句中的一个非真实情况。根据前一分句所表示的在过去所发生的客观事实情况，后一分句实际上省略了一个与过去事实相反的条件句If he had got up earlier this morning，故后一分句应视为省略了条件句的主句结构，与过去事实相反，应用would have caught。又如：
He remained very calm, otherwise he would have been found out.
=He remained very calm, otherwise he would have been found out (if he hadn’t remained very calm).
难点四、介词或介词短语暗示的虚拟结构
在一个简单句式结构中，有时假使的条件不通过条件从句直接表达出来，而是隐含在某些介词短语中。常见的介词或介词短语有without, but for等。
例1 Without electricity, human life would be quite different today.
如果没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。
分析：该句为一个简单句，句中介词短语Without electricity暗示条件，实际上相当于一个明确的条件状语从句If there were no electricity。根据句意及句中的时间状语today说明句子是对现在的假设，所以，该句应用与现在事实相反的动词虚拟形式。又如：
Without his advice, I couldn’t have done it all by myself.
=If it hadn’t been for his advice, I couldn’t have done it all by myself. 如果没有他的建议，我就不可能独自做好这一切。（句中动作与过去事实相反）
例2 But for your help, we wouldn’t have succeeded in doing this experiment. 要不是你的帮助，我们就不能成功地做好这个实验。
分析：该句与上例类似，为一个简单句结构。句中介词短语But for your help暗示条件，实际上相当于一个明确的条件状语从句If it hadn’t been for your help。尽管句中没有明确的时间状语，但根据句意可知，这个句子是对过去情况的假设，故句中的谓语动词应用与过去事实相反的虚拟结构形式。又如：
But for the meeting, I would have gone to your party last Saturday.
=If it hadn’t been for the meeting, I would have gone to your party last Saturday. 要不是那个会议，我就去参加你上周六举行的聚会了。（句中的动作与过去事实相反）
难点五、分词短语暗示的虚拟结构
在一个简单句式结构中，有时句中假设的条件隐含在现在分词短语或过去分词短语之中。句子的谓语动词结构必须根据分词短语所假设的情况或句中的时间状语来判断和选用。例如：
Having known earlier, we would have stopped such a thing from happening again. 如果早点知道这件事的话，我们就会阻止它再次发生了。
分析：句中Having known earlier为现在分词短语，作状语，暗示条件，实际上相当于一个条件状语从句If we had known earlier。分析句意，该句是对过去情况的假设，因此，句中的谓语动词应选用与过去事实相反的虚拟结构形式would have stopped。又如：
Having been given more money, we would have been to Hongkong instead of Dalian.
=If we had been given more money, we would have been to Hongkong instead of Dalian.
如果我们有更多的钱，我们就去了香港而不是去大连了。（句中动作与过去事实相反）
Being your age, I would study harder.
=If I were your age, I would study harder.
如果我是你这个年龄，我会更加努力学习的。（句中动作与现在事实相反）
难点六、上下文语境中的虚拟结构
在英语句式中，有时既没有时间状语暗示虚拟条件，也没有介词短语或分词结构来暗示条件，而其虚拟条件是由上下文表达出来的。这时，我们只有通过分析上下文所给的条件，才能弄清句中动词的虚拟结构。例如：
——He would have failed in the experiment last time.
——Luckily he followed your advice.
分析：根据对话情景可知，应答句Luckily he followed your advice（很幸运他听了你的建议）实际上就是上一句讲话人暗示的条件。从应答句所给特定的动词时态（一般过去时）看，说明上一句中讲话人所说的内容是对过去情况的假设，故暗示的条件句应为If he hadn’t followed your advice。由此可见，选项部分应为主句的谓语动词，与过去事实相反，应选用would have failed。又如：
——I would have come to your birthday party last Sunday.
——Unfortunately, you were out on business.
=——I would have come to your birthday party last Sunday (if I
hadn’t been out on business). 上个星期天（如果我没有出差），我
就来参加你的生日聚会了。
——Unfortunately, you were out on business. 很不幸，你出差了。
一、用下列所给动词的正确形式填空。
1. My suggestion is that we ____(send) a few more assistants to help the engineer working busily on the machine.
2. It’s high time we students ____(work) even harder at our lessons as the national entrance examination is coming near.
3. It has been proposed that the school sports meet ____(put off) till next weekend because of the recent storm.
4. If you ____(come) tomorrow, you ____(find) the new manager working in the office.
5. She ____(grow) much taller, but the cruel stepmother never let her eat enough.
6. If the parents ____(arrive) at the hospital earlier after the accident,
the child would have been saved.
7. Captain Cook insisted that liters of vinegar ____ take to the ship for the expedition to the South Pacific Ocean.
8. I was caught in a traffic jam for over an hour, otherwise I ____(not
keep) you waiting for such a long time.
9. Peter can take his motorbike apart and put it back together again. I
certainly wish he ____(teach) me how.
10. The two boys had so much in common as if they ____(bring up) in the same family.
二、单项选择。
1. It is necessary that people, both young and old in China ____ some
English to be prepared for the Olympic Games to be held in Beijing
in 2008.
A. learnB. will learnC. must learnD. have learned
2. Had Wang Lin received six more votes in the election of our class,
he ____ our monitor now.
A. must have beenB. would have been
C. wereD. would be
3. How I wish I ____ to Beijing where the 29th Olympic Games are being held!
A. will pay a visitB. have paid a visit
C. could pay a visitD. had paid a visit
4. Though the girl had been suffering from the blood disease, she acted as if nothing ____ to her while facing her friends and relatives.
A. happenedB. happensC. had happenedD. happen
5. —— ____ you ____ her out of trouble had it been possible?
——Yes, but I was busy writing my essay.
A. Will； helpB. Would； have helped
C. Did； helpD. Have； helped
6. ____ the little girl not to fill the thermos, she wouldn’t have been burnt badly.
A. Did I persuadeB. If I persuaded
C. If I should persuadeD. Had I persuaded
7. If he ____ his legs in the last training, he ____ the coming World
Cup, which he has been longing to compete in.
A. hadn’t hurt; would join in
B. hadn’t hurt; would have taken part in
C. didn’t hurt; would go in for
D. didn’t hurt; would have taken part in
8. Well, I’m sorry to hear that. But such misunderstanding ____.
A. will have been avoidedB. can be avoided
C. have had avoidedD. could have been avoided
9. Jim would rather ____ the dance party now, but we must go to work.
A. that we don’t leaveB. we not leave
C. we didn’t leaveD. our not leaving
10. ——What will you do during the coming winter vacation?
——I don’t know, but it’s about time ____ something.
A. I’m decidingB. I’ll decideC. I’d decidedD. I decided
一、1.(should) send 2.worked(should work) 3.(should) be put off 4.should/were to come; would find 5.could have grown 6.had arrived 7.(should) be taken 8.would not have kept 9.would teach 10.had been brought up
二、1.A 句型It is necessary (important, natural, strange)+从句，从句中的谓语动词要用“(should)+动词原形”的形式。2.D 条件句是对过去事实的虚拟， 而主句是对现在的虚拟。3.C wish后接宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反时用过去时，与过去事实相反时用过去完成时。4.C as if/as though引导的方式状语从句中，谓语动词用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。5.B 从后半句had it been possible可知应使用表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。6.D 根据主句的谓语动词形式,可知选择与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。 7.A 从句说的是过去, 主句说的是将来, 所以要根据主从句动词实际的时间概念来确定动词的形式，从句是对过去的假设, 用“had+过去分词”, 主句是对将来的假设用“would+动词原形”。8.D此题属于无词语暗示条件句。根据前一句Well, I’m sorry to hear that.可以推断误会已经产生，根据but可以判断句中隐含了一个类似于If we had explained clearly beforehand条件句，所以选择D项。 9.C本题考查虚拟语气在would rather句型中的用法。当would rather 后接从句时，用虚拟语气，从句的谓语动词常用过去式表示委婉的说法，表达“宁愿……”。10.D it is (high/about) time (that)…的句式中常用动词过去式。此句型表示“该做……的时候了”，用来表示提议。
在虚拟条件句中，有时主句与从句所指的时间不一致，这时，我们不能照搬虚拟条件句式结构的某种形式，而应根据主从句动词实际的时间概念来确定动词的虚拟结构。例如：
If she had followed the doctor’s advice, she would be quite all right now. 如果她当初听了医生的忠告的话，她现在就完全康复了。
说明：这是一个与事实相反的非真实条件句。if引导的条件句中的动作是过去发生的事情，说明与过去事实相反，应选用过去完成时，而主句中的动作受现在时间状语now的限制，说明与现在事实相反，故主句应选用would(could, should, might)+动词原形结构。又如：
If the young tree had been watered, it wouldn’t die now.
如果给那棵小树浇了水，它现在就不会枯死了。
难点二、省略if的虚拟结构
在虚拟条件句中，如果if 引导的虚拟条件句中有should, had或were等助动词，表示与将来、过去或现在事实相反时，if常可以省略。这时，从句要采用倒装结构，即将从句中的助动词should, had, were调至主语之前。
例1 Were I in school again, I would study harder.
=If I were in school again, I would study harder.
如果我（现在）再上学的话，我会更加努力学习的。(与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句)
例2 Should it (Were it to) snow tomorrow, we would be very happy.
=If it should (If it were to) snow tomorrow, we would be very happy.
如果明天下雪，我们将很高兴。(与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句)
例3 Had it not been for your help, I couldn’t have finished it ahead of time. =If it hadn’t been for your help, I couldn’t have finished it ahead of time.
要不是你的帮助，我就不能提前完成这项任务。(与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句)
难点三、并列连词或副词暗示的虚拟结构
在一个并列句型结构中，有时假设的条件不通过条件从句表示出来，而是由句中的并列连词或副词暗示出来。常见的并列连词或副词有but, or, otherwise等。
例1 I would have gone to America with my friend, but I was stopped by my mother. 要不是我母亲阻止我，我就跟我朋友去美国了。
分析：该句是由并列连词but连接的并列句。后一分句强调的是过去发生的客观事实，故要用一般过去时的陈述结构；前一分句中，根据but转折连词的暗示，实际上省略了一个与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句If I hadn’t been stopped，故前一分句应视为省略了条件句的主句结构，与过去事实相反，应用would have gone。又如：
I would have gone to your party, but you didn’t invite me.
=I would have gone to your party (if you had invited me), but you didn’t invite me.
例2 Yesterday he didn’t join in our discussion, or I would have told him about it. 昨天他没有参加我们的讨论，否则我就把这件事告诉他了。
分析：前一分句为过去已发生的客观事实，应选用一般过去时结构，但连词or暗示了后一分句中的一个与过去事实相反的非真实情况，实际上省略了一个与过去事实相反的条件句If he had joined in our discussion yesterday，故后一分句应视为省略了条件句的主句结构，与过去事实相反，应用would have told。又如：
I was ill that day, or I would have taken part in the sports meet.
=I was ill that day, or I would have taken part in the sports meet (if I hadn’t been ill that day)
例3 He didn’t get up earlier this morning, otherwise, he would have caught the first bus.
今天早晨他起床迟了，要不然，他就赶上早班车了。
分析：句中副词otherwise暗示了条件，并说明了后一分句中的一个非真实情况。根据前一分句所表示的在过去所发生的客观事实情况，后一分句实际上省略了一个与过去事实相反的条件句If he had got up earlier this morning，故后一分句应视为省略了条件句的主句结构，与过去事实相反，应用would have caught。又如：
He remained very calm, otherwise he would have been found out.
=He remained very calm, otherwise he would have been found out (if he hadn’t remained very calm).
难点四、介词或介词短语暗示的虚拟结构
在一个简单句式结构中，有时假使的条件不通过条件从句直接表达出来，而是隐含在某些介词短语中。常见的介词或介词短语有without, but for等。
例1 Without electricity, human life would be quite different today.
如果没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。
分析：该句为一个简单句，句中介词短语Without electricity暗示条件，实际上相当于一个明确的条件状语从句If there were no electricity。根据句意及句中的时间状语today说明句子是对现在的假设，所以，该句应用与现在事实相反的动词虚拟形式。又如：
Without his advice, I couldn’t have done it all by myself.
=If it hadn’t been for his advice, I couldn’t have done it all by myself. 如果没有他的建议，我就不可能独自做好这一切。（句中动作与过去事实相反）
例2 But for your help, we wouldn’t have succeeded in doing this experiment. 要不是你的帮助，我们就不能成功地做好这个实验。
分析：该句与上例类似，为一个简单句结构。句中介词短语But for your help暗示条件，实际上相当于一个明确的条件状语从句If it hadn’t been for your help。尽管句中没有明确的时间状语，但根据句意可知，这个句子是对过去情况的假设，故句中的谓语动词应用与过去事实相反的虚拟结构形式。又如：
But for the meeting, I would have gone to your party last Saturday.
=If it hadn’t been for the meeting, I would have gone to your party last Saturday. 要不是那个会议，我就去参加你上周六举行的聚会了。（句中的动作与过去事实相反）
难点五、分词短语暗示的虚拟结构
在一个简单句式结构中，有时句中假设的条件隐含在现在分词短语或过去分词短语之中。句子的谓语动词结构必须根据分词短语所假设的情况或句中的时间状语来判断和选用。例如：
Having known earlier, we would have stopped such a thing from happening again. 如果早点知道这件事的话，我们就会阻止它再次发生了。
分析：句中Having known earlier为现在分词短语，作状语，暗示条件，实际上相当于一个条件状语从句If we had known earlier。分析句意，该句是对过去情况的假设，因此，句中的谓语动词应选用与过去事实相反的虚拟结构形式would have stopped。又如：
Having been given more money, we would have been to Hongkong instead of Dalian.
=If we had been given more money, we would have been to Hongkong instead of Dalian.
如果我们有更多的钱，我们就去了香港而不是去大连了。（句中动作与过去事实相反）
Being your age, I would study harder.
=If I were your age, I would study harder.
如果我是你这个年龄，我会更加努力学习的。（句中动作与现在事实相反）
难点六、上下文语境中的虚拟结构
在英语句式中，有时既没有时间状语暗示虚拟条件，也没有介词短语或分词结构来暗示条件，而其虚拟条件是由上下文表达出来的。这时，我们只有通过分析上下文所给的条件，才能弄清句中动词的虚拟结构。例如：
——He would have failed in the experiment last time.
——Luckily he followed your advice.
分析：根据对话情景可知，应答句Luckily he followed your advice（很幸运他听了你的建议）实际上就是上一句讲话人暗示的条件。从应答句所给特定的动词时态（一般过去时）看，说明上一句中讲话人所说的内容是对过去情况的假设，故暗示的条件句应为If he hadn’t followed your advice。由此可见，选项部分应为主句的谓语动词，与过去事实相反，应选用would have failed。又如：
——I would have come to your birthday party last Sunday.
——Unfortunately, you were out on business.
=——I would have come to your birthday party last Sunday (if I
hadn’t been out on business). 上个星期天（如果我没有出差），我
就来参加你的生日聚会了。
——Unfortunately, you were out on business. 很不幸，你出差了。
一、用下列所给动词的正确形式填空。
1. My suggestion is that we ____(send) a few more assistants to help the engineer working busily on the machine.
2. It’s high time we students ____(work) even harder at our lessons as the national entrance examination is coming near.
3. It has been proposed that the school sports meet ____(put off) till next weekend because of the recent storm.
4. If you ____(come) tomorrow, you ____(find) the new manager working in the office.
5. She ____(grow) much taller, but the cruel stepmother never let her eat enough.
6. If the parents ____(arrive) at the hospital earlier after the accident,
the child would have been saved.
7. Captain Cook insisted that liters of vinegar ____ take to the ship for the expedition to the South Pacific Ocean.
8. I was caught in a traffic jam for over an hour, otherwise I ____(not
keep) you waiting for such a long time.
9. Peter can take his motorbike apart and put it back together again. I
certainly wish he ____(teach) me how.
10. The two boys had so much in common as if they ____(bring up) in the same family.
二、单项选择。
1. It is necessary that people, both young and old in China ____ some
English to be prepared for the Olympic Games to be held in Beijing
in 2008.
A. learnB. will learnC. must learnD. have learned
2. Had Wang Lin received six more votes in the election of our class,
he ____ our monitor now.
A. must have beenB. would have been
C. wereD. would be
3. How I wish I ____ to Beijing where the 29th Olympic Games are being held!
A. will pay a visitB. have paid a visit
C. could pay a visitD. had paid a visit
4. Though the girl had been suffering from the blood disease, she acted as if nothing ____ to her while facing her friends and relatives.
A. happenedB. happensC. had happenedD. happen
5. —— ____ you ____ her out of trouble had it been possible?
——Yes, but I was busy writing my essay.
A. Will； helpB. Would； have helped
C. Did； helpD. Have； helped
6. ____ the little girl not to fill the thermos, she wouldn’t have been burnt badly.
A. Did I persuadeB. If I persuaded
C. If I should persuadeD. Had I persuaded
7. If he ____ his legs in the last training, he ____ the coming World
Cup, which he has been longing to compete in.
A. hadn’t hurt; would join in
B. hadn’t hurt; would have taken part in
C. didn’t hurt; would go in for
D. didn’t hurt; would have taken part in
8. Well, I’m sorry to hear that. But such misunderstanding ____.
A. will have been avoidedB. can be avoided
C. have had avoidedD. could have been avoided
9. Jim would rather ____ the dance party now, but we must go to work.
A. that we don’t leaveB. we not leave
C. we didn’t leaveD. our not leaving
10. ——What will you do during the coming winter vacation?
——I don’t know, but it’s about time ____ something.
A. I’m decidingB. I’ll decideC. I’d decidedD. I decided
一、1.(should) send 2.worked(should work) 3.(should) be put off 4.should/were to come; would find 5.could have grown 6.had arrived 7.(should) be taken 8.would not have kept 9.would teach 10.had been brought up
二、1.A 句型It is necessary (important, natural, strange)+从句，从句中的谓语动词要用“(should)+动词原形”的形式。2.D 条件句是对过去事实的虚拟， 而主句是对现在的虚拟。3.C wish后接宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反时用过去时，与过去事实相反时用过去完成时。4.C as if/as though引导的方式状语从句中，谓语动词用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。5.B 从后半句had it been possible可知应使用表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。6.D 根据主句的谓语动词形式,可知选择与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。 7.A 从句说的是过去, 主句说的是将来, 所以要根据主从句动词实际的时间概念来确定动词的形式，从句是对过去的假设, 用“had+过去分词”, 主句是对将来的假设用“would+动词原形”。8.D此题属于无词语暗示条件句。根据前一句Well, I’m sorry to hear that.可以推断误会已经产生，根据but可以判断句中隐含了一个类似于If we had explained clearly beforehand条件句，所以选择D项。 9.C本题考查虚拟语气在would rather句型中的用法。当would rather 后接从句时，用虚拟语气，从句的谓语动词常用过去式表示委婉的说法，表达“宁愿……”。10.D it is (high/about) time (that)…的句式中常用动词过去式。此句型表示“该做……的时候了”，用来表示提议。