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状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,来表示时间、地点、原因、方式、程度、目的、结果、条件、让步、频率等情况,通常状语可以由下列这些来表示。
1.副词作状语
(1)The doctor will be here presently. 大夫一会儿就来。
(2)She had never before had that feeling.
她过去从来不曾有过那种感觉。
2.介词短语作状语
(1)We stayed up till midnight. 我们一直到深夜都没睡。
(2)We learn to swim by practising. 我们通过练习来学游泳。
3.不定式短语作状语
(1)They did everything they could to save the man’s life.
他们做了一切努力来拯救那个人的生命。
(2)We can send a car over to fetch you. 我们可以派一辆车去接你。
4.分词短语作状语
(1)Please fill in the card giving all the information required.
请填写好卡片,把要填的项目填清楚。
(2)Compared to you, I am indeed very fortunate.
和你相比,我确实是很幸运。
5.形容词(短语)作状语
(1)They rushed over eager to help.
他们都跑了过去,急于要帮忙。
(2)Hungry, he went to a restaurant. 饿了,他走进一家饭店。
6.词组作状语
(1)She jumped ten feet. 她跳了十英尺远。
(2)When I was ill she nursed me day and night.
我生病时,她日夜照顾我。
7.复合结构作状语
(1)That being the case, we’ll have to reconsider the whole thing.
既然情况如此,整件事件我们就得重新考虑了。
(2)He entered the room his nose red with cold.
他鼻子冻得通红地走进房来。
8.从句作状语
(1)We did it only because we had to.我们这样做是迫不得已。
(2)He asked me to stay where I was. 他让我待在原地。
9.状语在句中的位置
(a)时间状语一般位于句尾,表示强调时也可以位于句首。
(1)The plane will take off in a few minutes.(句尾)
几分钟后飞机就要起飞了。
(2)Having finished the job, he went to have supper.(句首“表示强调”)完成了工作,他就去吃饭了。
(b)地点状语一般位于句尾,但有时也可位于句首或句中。
(1)There are plenty of fishes in the river. 这河里鱼的种类很多。
(2)Anyway, I won’t stop you from doing it.
不管怎样我不打算阻止你那样做。
(c)原因状语大多位于句尾,有时也有位于句首的。
(1)He arrived late because of the rain. 由于下雨,他来迟了。
(2)Delighted, the girls thought up many good ideas.
一高兴,姑娘们想出许多好主意。
(d)方式状语总是位于句尾(动词后或动词+宾语后)。
(1)They listened to the teacher attentively. 他们注意听老师讲课。
(2)She cut the cake with a knife. 她用刀把蛋糕切开。
(e)程度状语位于被修饰词的前面。
(1)The road is very wide. 这条路很宽。
(2)This film is entirely different from that one.
这部电影同那部电影完全不同。
[注意]enough作状语修饰形容词或副词时位于被修饰词的后面。
This book is easy enough. 这本书相当简单。
(f)目的状语一般位于句尾,为了强调也可以位于句首。
(1)He ran fast to catch the train. 他飞跑着去赶火车。
(2)To do a good job, we must have the right tools.
要干好活, 工具要选对。
(g)结果状语位于句尾。
(1)She woke suddenly to find many persons around her bed.
她突然醒來时,发现许多人围在她床边。
(2)It was snowing so heavily that we had to stay indoors.
当时雪下得特别大,我们不得不待在屋子里。
(h)条件状语位于句首。
(1)Turning to the left, you will find the post office.
往左拐,你就能找到邮局。
(2)Given more time, I was able to have done the work better.
多给点时间,我会把工作做得更好。
(j)让步状语位于句首或句尾。
They kept on working outside in spite of the bad weather.
尽管天气不好,他们还是坚持在外面干活。
Although he is in poor health, he is strong in spirit.
尽管他身体不好,但精神很好。
(k)频率状语,如:often, always, seldom, never, ever, sometimes, usually, hardly等通常位于句中,放在行为动词之前,be动词、情态动词或助动词之后;如有多个助动词,则放在第一个助动词之后。
(1)She often does this.(行为动词之前) 她总是这样做。
(2)She is seldom ill.(系动词be之后) 她不常生病。
(3)She would occasionally drop us a note.(助动词之后)
她偶尔给我们来一封短信。
(4)He has never been late to school.(第一个助动词之后)
他上学从不迟到。
10.多个状语连用的次序问题
(a)方式→地点→时间(连用几个状语修饰同一个动词时,通常按“方式状语→地点状语→时间状语”的顺序排列)
(1)They talked friendly in the living-room last night.
他们昨天晚上在客厅谈得很愉快。
(2)She walked quickly out of the room just now.
她刚才很快地走出了房间。
(b)由小到大(用几个不同的时间状语或地点状语同时修饰同一个动词时一般按照“由小到大”的顺序排列)
(1)My sister stayed in my home for three months last year.
我的姐姐去年在我家待了三个月。
(2)My parents lived in a small faraway village in the north.
我的父母亲住在北方的一个遥远的小村庄里。
(c)交换位置(状语在简略答语中,谓语部分只有be动词,助动词或情态动词时,状语要在这些词前面)
(1)——He will never do it again.他决不再做那样的事了。
——No, he never will.是的,他决不再做。
(2)——Are you all Americans? 你们都是美国人吗?
——Yes, we all are.是的,我们都是。
1.副词作状语
(1)The doctor will be here presently. 大夫一会儿就来。
(2)She had never before had that feeling.
她过去从来不曾有过那种感觉。
2.介词短语作状语
(1)We stayed up till midnight. 我们一直到深夜都没睡。
(2)We learn to swim by practising. 我们通过练习来学游泳。
3.不定式短语作状语
(1)They did everything they could to save the man’s life.
他们做了一切努力来拯救那个人的生命。
(2)We can send a car over to fetch you. 我们可以派一辆车去接你。
4.分词短语作状语
(1)Please fill in the card giving all the information required.
请填写好卡片,把要填的项目填清楚。
(2)Compared to you, I am indeed very fortunate.
和你相比,我确实是很幸运。
5.形容词(短语)作状语
(1)They rushed over eager to help.
他们都跑了过去,急于要帮忙。
(2)Hungry, he went to a restaurant. 饿了,他走进一家饭店。
6.词组作状语
(1)She jumped ten feet. 她跳了十英尺远。
(2)When I was ill she nursed me day and night.
我生病时,她日夜照顾我。
7.复合结构作状语
(1)That being the case, we’ll have to reconsider the whole thing.
既然情况如此,整件事件我们就得重新考虑了。
(2)He entered the room his nose red with cold.
他鼻子冻得通红地走进房来。
8.从句作状语
(1)We did it only because we had to.我们这样做是迫不得已。
(2)He asked me to stay where I was. 他让我待在原地。
9.状语在句中的位置
(a)时间状语一般位于句尾,表示强调时也可以位于句首。
(1)The plane will take off in a few minutes.(句尾)
几分钟后飞机就要起飞了。
(2)Having finished the job, he went to have supper.(句首“表示强调”)完成了工作,他就去吃饭了。
(b)地点状语一般位于句尾,但有时也可位于句首或句中。
(1)There are plenty of fishes in the river. 这河里鱼的种类很多。
(2)Anyway, I won’t stop you from doing it.
不管怎样我不打算阻止你那样做。
(c)原因状语大多位于句尾,有时也有位于句首的。
(1)He arrived late because of the rain. 由于下雨,他来迟了。
(2)Delighted, the girls thought up many good ideas.
一高兴,姑娘们想出许多好主意。
(d)方式状语总是位于句尾(动词后或动词+宾语后)。
(1)They listened to the teacher attentively. 他们注意听老师讲课。
(2)She cut the cake with a knife. 她用刀把蛋糕切开。
(e)程度状语位于被修饰词的前面。
(1)The road is very wide. 这条路很宽。
(2)This film is entirely different from that one.
这部电影同那部电影完全不同。
[注意]enough作状语修饰形容词或副词时位于被修饰词的后面。
This book is easy enough. 这本书相当简单。
(f)目的状语一般位于句尾,为了强调也可以位于句首。
(1)He ran fast to catch the train. 他飞跑着去赶火车。
(2)To do a good job, we must have the right tools.
要干好活, 工具要选对。
(g)结果状语位于句尾。
(1)She woke suddenly to find many persons around her bed.
她突然醒來时,发现许多人围在她床边。
(2)It was snowing so heavily that we had to stay indoors.
当时雪下得特别大,我们不得不待在屋子里。
(h)条件状语位于句首。
(1)Turning to the left, you will find the post office.
往左拐,你就能找到邮局。
(2)Given more time, I was able to have done the work better.
多给点时间,我会把工作做得更好。
(j)让步状语位于句首或句尾。
They kept on working outside in spite of the bad weather.
尽管天气不好,他们还是坚持在外面干活。
Although he is in poor health, he is strong in spirit.
尽管他身体不好,但精神很好。
(k)频率状语,如:often, always, seldom, never, ever, sometimes, usually, hardly等通常位于句中,放在行为动词之前,be动词、情态动词或助动词之后;如有多个助动词,则放在第一个助动词之后。
(1)She often does this.(行为动词之前) 她总是这样做。
(2)She is seldom ill.(系动词be之后) 她不常生病。
(3)She would occasionally drop us a note.(助动词之后)
她偶尔给我们来一封短信。
(4)He has never been late to school.(第一个助动词之后)
他上学从不迟到。
10.多个状语连用的次序问题
(a)方式→地点→时间(连用几个状语修饰同一个动词时,通常按“方式状语→地点状语→时间状语”的顺序排列)
(1)They talked friendly in the living-room last night.
他们昨天晚上在客厅谈得很愉快。
(2)She walked quickly out of the room just now.
她刚才很快地走出了房间。
(b)由小到大(用几个不同的时间状语或地点状语同时修饰同一个动词时一般按照“由小到大”的顺序排列)
(1)My sister stayed in my home for three months last year.
我的姐姐去年在我家待了三个月。
(2)My parents lived in a small faraway village in the north.
我的父母亲住在北方的一个遥远的小村庄里。
(c)交换位置(状语在简略答语中,谓语部分只有be动词,助动词或情态动词时,状语要在这些词前面)
(1)——He will never do it again.他决不再做那样的事了。
——No, he never will.是的,他决不再做。
(2)——Are you all Americans? 你们都是美国人吗?
——Yes, we all are.是的,我们都是。