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“自治”一词来源于希腊语。不过,“私法自治”这一概念在古希腊却并不为人所知。在希腊的国家和法哲学中,个人并非为了自己的利益,而是为了整个共同体、整个城邦的利益而存在的。个人的使命即为集体服务。在罗马,家父的自治权力与自由奠定了罗马国家与法律制度的基础。中世纪时,神的意志被认为是尘世法律的基础,自治这个概念并不为人知晓,或者仅被做狭义的解读。私法自治在近代的复兴始于对人的尊严的认可。这种人文主义的思想被格劳修斯(Grotius)运用到了法学领域,并创立了现代自然法理论。康德则将意志的自治进一步发展,并将其作为自己整个哲学体系中结构性的原则。其后,萨维尼(Savigny)将私法自治视为人类法律制度的基本原则。“自由和对自己行为负责的公民”成为1896年德国民法典的“标准像”。私法自治并不仅仅是一项私法中的基本原则,更是现代法律体系的一项基本原则。私法自治的理念要求国家法通过确立辅助原则对其作出呼应。国家是为公民的利益、而非公民为了国家的利益而存在的。在对现代宪政国家的“合法化论证”中可以找到辅助原则的依据。国家辅助既是国家的任务,又为国家职能的发挥设立了界限。在基本权利的框架内,个人的行为优先于国家的行为,社会的自我规制优先于法律。私法自治这一理念在东亚的法律、社会结构及宪法中能否得以实现?在何种程度上得以实现?这些都是东亚法学研究的基本问题。
“Autonomy ” comes from the Greek language. However, the concept of “autonomy of private law” is not well known in ancient Greece. In the Greek state and legal philosophy, individuals do not for their own benefit but for the benefit of the entire community and the entire city-state. Personal mission is collective service. In Rome, Father’s autonomy and freedom laid the foundations of the Roman state and legal system. In the Middle Ages, the will of God was considered the foundation of earthly law. The concept of autonomy was either unknown or narrowly interpreted. The revival of private autonomy in modern times began with the recognition of human dignity. This humanistic idea was applied to jurisprudence by Grotius and founded the modern theory of natural law. Kant, on the other hand, will further develop the autonomy of will and use it as a structural principle in his own philosophical system. Subsequently, Savigny regarded the autonomy of private law as the basic principle of the human legal system. “Citizens who are free and responsible for their actions” became the “standard image” of German civil code in 1896. The self-government of private law is not only a basic principle in a private law, but also a basic principle of the modern legal system. The concept of private law autonomy requires that state law respond to it by establishing subsidiary principles. The state is for the benefit of citizens, not for the benefit of the nation. The basis for the principle of subsidy can be found in the “Legalization of Evidence” of the modern constitutional state. State aid is not only the task of the state, but also establishes the boundaries for the function of the state. Within the framework of basic rights, individual behavior takes precedence over state behavior, and social self-regulation takes precedence over law. Whether the concept of private law autonomy can be realized in East Asia’s laws, social structures and constitutions and to what extent? These are all the basic questions of jurisprudence in East Asia.