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在一口通商的“广东十三行”贸易制度中,行商是清政府授权专营和管理对外贸易的主体,其自发组成的类似卡特尔的公行,或多或少地受到地方当局或清政府的支持和干预。行商与公行在市场上是差异的经济行为主体。行商名义上拥有外贸专营权,但实际上公行通过在对外贸易中统一定价、限制交易量并进行市场份额的分配实现了对市场的控制与垄断。在公行制度的演变过程中,公行既要面对其内部成员为争取有利的市场份额的竞争,又要受到外部竞争对其外贸专营权的侵蚀,公行的垄断能力与垄断租金逐步丧失。在政府对公行的不利干预和管制下,行商难逃破产厄运。
In a trading system of “Guangdong’s 13 trades”, traders are the main body authorized by the Qing government to monopolize and manage foreign trade. The spontaneous formation of similar cartels, to a greater or lesser degree, Government support and intervention. Traders and publicity in the market is the main difference between economic behavior. Traders have nominally foreign trade franchises, but in fact they have achieved market control and monopoly through the uniform pricing of foreign trade, the restriction of trading volume and the distribution of market share. In the course of the evolution of the public system, publicity should not only face the competition among its internal members for gaining market share, but also be eroded by external competition over its foreign trade franchise, and the monopoly power of publicity and monopoly rents are gradually lost . Under the government’s unfavorable interference and control over the public offerings, traders can not escape bankruptcy.