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阅读七选五是高考英语试卷中一个重要的题型,试题主要考查考生对文章的整体内容、结构与上下文逻辑关系的理解和掌握。该题主要考核方向是:1. 段落主题句或段落大意;2. 上下文邏辑关系;3. 上下文的指代关系。要做好阅读七选五题目,考生实际的阅读理解能力无疑是首要的,但掌握一定的解题方法与步骤也很有必要。在高三的复习教学中,这里归纳的“三法三步骤”对做好阅读七选五题目具有很好的指导作用。
三法,即线索法、结构法和逻辑关系法;三步骤,即分析选项、串联主题,辨别语境、确定线索,选择答案、入文复查。下面结合高考试题就“三法”做简要分析。
一、线索法
线索法,就是在空格前后圈定线索词、词组或句子,然后在选项中查找与该线索匹配的有关内容。
1.词汇复现
复现,是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种手段,主要包括原词复现、近义词复现、同义词复现、反义词复现、派生词复现等。
(1)原词复现
典型例题1
… ● Questions about subject content are generally welcomed. Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus (教学大纲) and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn’t hiding in plain sight.
…
G. Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.(2019全国新课标卷Ⅲ)
典型例题2
. They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows, mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms. Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.
…
D. Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with
…(2018全国新课标卷Ⅰ)
【点拨】例1中,第37空的下一句第一个词Questions和再下一句中的asking questions,分别与选项G中的questions和ask questions对应;例2中,选项D中的Small color choices与本段落最后一句中的small color choices对应。以上三种情况均为原词复现。
(2) 同义词/近义词复现
典型例题3
… While the sun’s rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial Vitamin D. To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and that’s plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day’s worth of Vitamin D.
…
D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.
…(2019全国新课标卷Ⅰ)
典型例题4
… ● Your productivity is improved. Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.
…
B. Your quality of sleep improves.
…(2018全国新课标卷Ⅱ)
【点拨】例3中,第40空下一句中的sun’s rays(太阳的光线)与选项D中的sunlight(阳光)是同一个意思的两种不同表达方式,属于同义词复现;例4中,第37空前的makes you more awake与选项B中的quality of sleep improves意思相近,都表示良好的睡眠带来的好结果,属于近义词复现。
(3)派生词复现
典型例题5
If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me. 36 … D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.
… (2017全国新课标卷Ⅰ)
【点拨】例5中,该段第2句句首的Campers与选项D中的camping均是camp的派生词,其中camper意为“露营者”,camping意为“露营”,这两者均属于派生词复现。
※词汇复现法解题十分管用,但这并不意味着凡是有文中的复现词的选项就正确,有时命题人会在干扰项中设置复现内容,因此考生得将选项代入原文检验,判断其正误。
2.代词提示
代词的作用是指代文章前面提及的名词。利用指代关系,并根据代词的单复数差异,有时可以准确而快速地解题。
典型例题6
… Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths. Remember that goals are flexible. 39 They also need to be measurable. You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.
…
E. They can change according to circumstances.
…(2019全国新课标卷Ⅱ)
【点拨】例6中,第39空位于两句之间,前一句“记住目标是灵活的”,而后一句开头的指示代词They,与选项E开头的They照应,均指代第39空前一句里的goals。另外,flexible还与change according to circumstances还构成近义词复现。
二、结构法
当文中出现明显的文章结构上的词、词组,或空格句在特殊位置(如段首、段尾等)时,要考虑文章或段落的行文结构,根据空格句在文中所起的作用来作答。
1.文中出现结构词、词组:
当文中有firstly,secondly,next,then,in conclusion等明显的结构词时,圈出这些结构词,理清文章或段落结构,对解题会有很大帮助。
典型例题7
… There are many common methods used to cook fish. 20 First, clean it and season it with your choice of spices (调料). Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound. (A larger one will take more time.) Then, it’s ready to serve...
…
B. The easiest is to steam it.
…(2016全国新课标大纲卷)
【点拨】例7中,第20空后有结构词First和Then,因此可以判断第20空是一个总领性主题句。根据Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot可知,本段介绍的是蒸鱼的方法。 B项中的steam正好与段落大意相符,故选B。
2.空格句在段首
(1)段落主题句:空格所在句就是主题句(topic sentence)。
(2)過渡句:空格所在句子起承上启下的作用。
典型例题8
… 37 More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc. Only then should you set your goals.
…
B. So how should you motivate yourself?
…(2019全国新课标卷Ⅱ)
【点拨】例8中,第37空属于“空格句在段首”。根据空后的More than that(不仅如此)可知,该空与后句内容为递进关系,选项B中的So是承接上文。再结合“你怎样才能保持动力去实现目标呢?”,以及句中how should you与选项B中的how should you属于原词复现可知,选项B为承上启下的过渡句,故选B。
3.空格句在段尾
(1)总结、概括性句子:阅读选项,先搜寻选项中是否有表总结的词、词组,如in conclusion,in summary,in a word,therefore等,再看哪个选项是对前文内容的总结、概括。
(2)过渡句:引出下一段的内容。如果在前文中找不到线索,就从下一段的开头寻找提示,看看是否有哪个选项可以和下一段开头形成有机衔接。
(3)首段末句:空格句在第一段末尾出现,很有可能是全文的主题句。此时要把握全文主题来分析作答。
典型例题9 … “I can tell you about one young couple,” says Bridges. “They’re learning to do traditional dances. They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile. ”
…
F. Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.
…(2018全国新课标卷Ⅲ)
【点拨】例9中,第39空属于“空格句在段尾”,上文提到这位夫妇的改变,说明舞蹈改变了他们,故选项F中change their feeling是对上文的概括,因此F项是一个段尾总结句,故39空选F。
三、逻辑关系法
逻辑关系法,即通过分析句子间的逻辑关系进行解题。文中的逻辑关系词、词组是答题的重要线索。高考常见的逻辑关系词、词组如下:
· 并列关系:and, and also, not only… but also…, similarly, likewise
· 递进关系:then, besides, what’s more, in addition, additionally, moreover, furthermore
· 因果关系:because, since, as, therefore, hence, thus, as a result, consequently, accordingly
· 转折、对比关系:but, however, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, while, whereas
· 让步关系:though, although, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of
· 条件关系:if, as long as, on condition that, providing that, provided that
典型例题10
We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.” 36 According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in your camping area is good.
…
B. So what are you waiting for?
…
E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?
…(2019全國新课标卷Ⅰ)
【点拨】例10中,第36空设空在两句中间,应联系前后句分析。从第36空后句中的the answer is a big YES可知,该空必定提出了与之对应的问题。选项B和选项E都是问句,选项B以So开头,与前句是因果关系,且提问“所以你还在等什么?”;选项E以But开头,与前句是转折关系,且提问“但是新鲜空气是真的像你妈妈口中所说的那么好吗?”根据两个选项的意思及与前后句的关系可知,第36空是一个表达转折关系的一般疑问句,故选E。
综上所述,考生要在阅读七选五题目上得到高分,一要掌握解题“三法”,二要熟练并灵活地运用“三步骤”,只要熟练运用“三法三步骤”,一定能在阅读七选五题目上取得优异的成绩。
三法,即线索法、结构法和逻辑关系法;三步骤,即分析选项、串联主题,辨别语境、确定线索,选择答案、入文复查。下面结合高考试题就“三法”做简要分析。
一、线索法
线索法,就是在空格前后圈定线索词、词组或句子,然后在选项中查找与该线索匹配的有关内容。
1.词汇复现
复现,是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种手段,主要包括原词复现、近义词复现、同义词复现、反义词复现、派生词复现等。
(1)原词复现
典型例题1
… ● Questions about subject content are generally welcomed. Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus (教学大纲) and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn’t hiding in plain sight.
…
G. Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.(2019全国新课标卷Ⅲ)
典型例题2
. They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows, mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms. Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.
…
D. Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with
…(2018全国新课标卷Ⅰ)
【点拨】例1中,第37空的下一句第一个词Questions和再下一句中的asking questions,分别与选项G中的questions和ask questions对应;例2中,选项D中的Small color choices与本段落最后一句中的small color choices对应。以上三种情况均为原词复现。
(2) 同义词/近义词复现
典型例题3
… While the sun’s rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial Vitamin D. To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and that’s plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day’s worth of Vitamin D.
…
D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.
…(2019全国新课标卷Ⅰ)
典型例题4
… ● Your productivity is improved. Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.
…
B. Your quality of sleep improves.
…(2018全国新课标卷Ⅱ)
【点拨】例3中,第40空下一句中的sun’s rays(太阳的光线)与选项D中的sunlight(阳光)是同一个意思的两种不同表达方式,属于同义词复现;例4中,第37空前的makes you more awake与选项B中的quality of sleep improves意思相近,都表示良好的睡眠带来的好结果,属于近义词复现。
(3)派生词复现
典型例题5
If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me. 36 … D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.
… (2017全国新课标卷Ⅰ)
【点拨】例5中,该段第2句句首的Campers与选项D中的camping均是camp的派生词,其中camper意为“露营者”,camping意为“露营”,这两者均属于派生词复现。
※词汇复现法解题十分管用,但这并不意味着凡是有文中的复现词的选项就正确,有时命题人会在干扰项中设置复现内容,因此考生得将选项代入原文检验,判断其正误。
2.代词提示
代词的作用是指代文章前面提及的名词。利用指代关系,并根据代词的单复数差异,有时可以准确而快速地解题。
典型例题6
… Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths. Remember that goals are flexible. 39 They also need to be measurable. You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.
…
E. They can change according to circumstances.
…(2019全国新课标卷Ⅱ)
【点拨】例6中,第39空位于两句之间,前一句“记住目标是灵活的”,而后一句开头的指示代词They,与选项E开头的They照应,均指代第39空前一句里的goals。另外,flexible还与change according to circumstances还构成近义词复现。
二、结构法
当文中出现明显的文章结构上的词、词组,或空格句在特殊位置(如段首、段尾等)时,要考虑文章或段落的行文结构,根据空格句在文中所起的作用来作答。
1.文中出现结构词、词组:
当文中有firstly,secondly,next,then,in conclusion等明显的结构词时,圈出这些结构词,理清文章或段落结构,对解题会有很大帮助。
典型例题7
… There are many common methods used to cook fish. 20 First, clean it and season it with your choice of spices (调料). Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound. (A larger one will take more time.) Then, it’s ready to serve...
…
B. The easiest is to steam it.
…(2016全国新课标大纲卷)
【点拨】例7中,第20空后有结构词First和Then,因此可以判断第20空是一个总领性主题句。根据Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot可知,本段介绍的是蒸鱼的方法。 B项中的steam正好与段落大意相符,故选B。
2.空格句在段首
(1)段落主题句:空格所在句就是主题句(topic sentence)。
(2)過渡句:空格所在句子起承上启下的作用。
典型例题8
… 37 More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc. Only then should you set your goals.
…
B. So how should you motivate yourself?
…(2019全国新课标卷Ⅱ)
【点拨】例8中,第37空属于“空格句在段首”。根据空后的More than that(不仅如此)可知,该空与后句内容为递进关系,选项B中的So是承接上文。再结合“你怎样才能保持动力去实现目标呢?”,以及句中how should you与选项B中的how should you属于原词复现可知,选项B为承上启下的过渡句,故选B。
3.空格句在段尾
(1)总结、概括性句子:阅读选项,先搜寻选项中是否有表总结的词、词组,如in conclusion,in summary,in a word,therefore等,再看哪个选项是对前文内容的总结、概括。
(2)过渡句:引出下一段的内容。如果在前文中找不到线索,就从下一段的开头寻找提示,看看是否有哪个选项可以和下一段开头形成有机衔接。
(3)首段末句:空格句在第一段末尾出现,很有可能是全文的主题句。此时要把握全文主题来分析作答。
典型例题9 … “I can tell you about one young couple,” says Bridges. “They’re learning to do traditional dances. They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile. ”
…
F. Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.
…(2018全国新课标卷Ⅲ)
【点拨】例9中,第39空属于“空格句在段尾”,上文提到这位夫妇的改变,说明舞蹈改变了他们,故选项F中change their feeling是对上文的概括,因此F项是一个段尾总结句,故39空选F。
三、逻辑关系法
逻辑关系法,即通过分析句子间的逻辑关系进行解题。文中的逻辑关系词、词组是答题的重要线索。高考常见的逻辑关系词、词组如下:
· 并列关系:and, and also, not only… but also…, similarly, likewise
· 递进关系:then, besides, what’s more, in addition, additionally, moreover, furthermore
· 因果关系:because, since, as, therefore, hence, thus, as a result, consequently, accordingly
· 转折、对比关系:but, however, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, while, whereas
· 让步关系:though, although, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of
· 条件关系:if, as long as, on condition that, providing that, provided that
典型例题10
We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.” 36 According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in your camping area is good.
…
B. So what are you waiting for?
…
E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?
…(2019全國新课标卷Ⅰ)
【点拨】例10中,第36空设空在两句中间,应联系前后句分析。从第36空后句中的the answer is a big YES可知,该空必定提出了与之对应的问题。选项B和选项E都是问句,选项B以So开头,与前句是因果关系,且提问“所以你还在等什么?”;选项E以But开头,与前句是转折关系,且提问“但是新鲜空气是真的像你妈妈口中所说的那么好吗?”根据两个选项的意思及与前后句的关系可知,第36空是一个表达转折关系的一般疑问句,故选E。
综上所述,考生要在阅读七选五题目上得到高分,一要掌握解题“三法”,二要熟练并灵活地运用“三步骤”,只要熟练运用“三法三步骤”,一定能在阅读七选五题目上取得优异的成绩。