显微技术的每一个进展,都为科学家提供了对生物组织的功能以及物质本性的新透视方法,16世纪末光学显微镜的发明,使人们能够观察单细胞动植物体。20世纪初X射线晶相学的发展,使人们首次获得原子水平的物质图象。以后几十年电子显微镜的发明,使人们可以直接观察病毒等的表面结构。然而,电子显微镜也有不少难以克服的缺点。例如,电子束要求真空,这就使观察活的、潮湿的生物样品极其困 Every advance in microscopy has provided scientists with a new perspective on the function and physical nature of biological tissues. The invention of light microscopes at the end of the 16th century enabled one to observe single-celled animals and plants. The development of X-ray crystallography at the beginning of the 20th century enabled people to obtain the atomic image of the material for the first time. After decades of inventions of electron microscopy, so that people can directly observe the virus and other surface structure. However, the electron microscope has a lot of hard to overcome shortcomings. For example, the electron beam requires a vacuum, which makes it extremely difficult to observe living, moist biological samples