科学技术是一个国家的经济增长、国家安全及社会进步的原动力和奠基石。文章论述了新中国科技发展从“向科学进军”的提出、“科学技术是第一生产力”到“科教兴国”战略的实施以及科技“自主创新”的发展历程;分析了我国科技事业从无到有,从衰到兴曲折发展过程的经验教训。 Science and technology are the driving force and cornerstone of a country’s economic growth, national security and social progress. The paper discusses the development of science and technology in New China from the “advancement to science”, the implementation of the strategy of “science and technology is the primary productive force” and the strategy of “rejuvenating the country through science and education”, as well as the development course of “independent innovation” of science and technology. There are lessons from the process of decline and development of twists and turns.