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在疫苗制剂中添加免疫刺激剂可以促使其诱导高质量且持久的免疫应答。为了改善铝佐剂在细胞免疫水平中的不足，Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor，TLR)激动剂被开发，其中TLR4激动剂在疫苗中应用尤其广泛。单磷酸脂质A(monophosphoryl lipid A，MPL)是典型的TLR4激动剂，为了开发低毒性的脂质A佐剂以增强免疫刺激效果，人们开发合成了多种MPL类似物。此文综述了MPL及其类似物在疫苗制剂中的应用现状和研究进展，旨在为MPL及其类似物的深入研究提供理论基础。“,”Adding immunostimulants to vaccine formulations will make it induce high quality and lasting immune response. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists were originally developed to ameliorate the deficiency of aluminum adjuvant at cellular immune level. Among them, TLR4 agonists are particularly widely used in vaccines.Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL)is a typical TLR4 agonist. In order to develop a synthetic lipid A adjuvant with low toxicity to enhance immune stimulation, a variety of MPL analogues have been synthesized.In this paper, the application status and research progress of MPL and its analogues in vaccine formulations are reviewed, aiming to provide theoretical basis for further research of MPL and its analogues.