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一、形式主语可代替哪些成分
it用作形式主语时可代替不定式、动名词、从句等。一般说来,当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作句子主语时,为保持句子平衡,通常把真正的主语放在句末,而在句首使用形式主语it。如:
It was nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。
It was nice seeing you. 那次和你见面,我很高兴。
It is a pity that she failed the driving examination. 她没通过驾驶考试真是遗憾。
二、形式主语通常在哪些句式中代替动名词
it用作形式主语代替动名词的用法主要见于以下句式:
1. It is no use (no good,fun,great fun,a new experience,a great honour,etc) doing sth. 如:
It is no good talking. 空谈是没有用的。
It’s fun working for him. 为他工作很有意思。
It’s great fun sailing a boat. 扬帆驾舟十分有趣。
It’s no use shouting at him—he’s deaf. 向他叫喊是没有用的——他耳聋。
It has been a great honour your coming to visit us. 你来看望是我们极大的荣幸。
2. It is good (nice,useless,interesting,pleasant,tiring,etc) doing sth. 如:
It is useless speaking. 光说没有用。
It was pleasant sitting there. 坐在那里很愉快。
It’s so nice sitting here with you. 和你坐在一起真好。
It’s good hearing English spoken. 听到人讲英语,我很高兴。
It’s terribly tiring working late like this. 这样干到深夜是非常累人的。
3. It is worth while doing sth. 如:
It’s worth while doing the work. 这项工作值得做。
Do you think it’s worth while quarrelling with me? 你认为和我吵值得吗?
4. 其他句式。如:
It doesn’t matter wasting a little money. 浪费一点钱没有关系。
It felt funny being dressed like a peasant girl. 打扮成村姑感到有点怪怪的。
What’s it like being married? 结婚是什么味道?
三、形式主语可用于代替哪些从句
原则上说,it用作形式主语可以代替下列从句:
1. that从句
It is quite clear that he has read the book. 很显然,他读过这本书。
2. what从句
It doesn’t matter what he says. 他说什么没关系。
It was clear enough what he meant. 他的意思是很明显的。
3. who从句
It hasn’t been decided who will be sent to work there. 还没决定将派谁到那里工作。
4. how从句
It struck her how gentle he was being. 她深深感到他多么温存。
5. when从句
It hasn’t been made clear when the conference is to take place. 会议什么时候召开还没有宣布。
6. where从句
It’s not known where she went. 她到哪里去了没人知道。
It did not matter much where he lived. 他在哪里住都没有关系。
7. why从句
It was clear why he had asked for a conference. 他为什么要求召开会议,原因很清楚。
8. whether从句
It makes little difference whether we go or stay. 我们去还是留没有多大差别。
It’s not yet settled whether I am going to America. 我去不去美国还没定。
四、使用形式主语有哪些需要注意的特殊句式
it用作形式主语有不少非常有用的句式,比如以下一些就值得注意:
1. 用于It seems (appears) that...句式。如:
It seems that he knows everything. 他好像什么都知道。
It appears that we may be mistaken. 看来我们可能弄错了。
但是,英语一般不说It looks that...,可改用It looks as if...。如:
It looks as if we’ll be late. 我们似乎要迟到了。
2. 用于It happens (occurs) that...句式。如:
It happened that I was standing next to him when he collapsed. 他倒下的时候我恰巧站在他旁边。
It didn’t occur to him that she would refuse his invitation. 他没有想到她会拒绝他的邀请。
3. 用于It follows that...句式。如:
He is wrong,but it does not follow that you are right. 他错了,但并不能由此推断你是对的。
She’s not in the office but it doesn’t necessarily follow that she’s ill. 她不在办公室,并不见得就是病了。
五、关于if和when从句前使用形式主语的问题
当系表结构后接有if 或when引出的状语从句时,通常在系表结构前使用形式主语it来表示说话人对某情况的看法。如:
It would be a pity if we missed the show. 如果我们错过演出,那会很遗憾的。
It was a great surprise to me when he did a thing like that. 他这样做使我很吃惊。
(编辑 陈根花)
it用作形式主语时可代替不定式、动名词、从句等。一般说来,当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作句子主语时,为保持句子平衡,通常把真正的主语放在句末,而在句首使用形式主语it。如:
It was nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。
It was nice seeing you. 那次和你见面,我很高兴。
It is a pity that she failed the driving examination. 她没通过驾驶考试真是遗憾。
二、形式主语通常在哪些句式中代替动名词
it用作形式主语代替动名词的用法主要见于以下句式:
1. It is no use (no good,fun,great fun,a new experience,a great honour,etc) doing sth. 如:
It is no good talking. 空谈是没有用的。
It’s fun working for him. 为他工作很有意思。
It’s great fun sailing a boat. 扬帆驾舟十分有趣。
It’s no use shouting at him—he’s deaf. 向他叫喊是没有用的——他耳聋。
It has been a great honour your coming to visit us. 你来看望是我们极大的荣幸。
2. It is good (nice,useless,interesting,pleasant,tiring,etc) doing sth. 如:
It is useless speaking. 光说没有用。
It was pleasant sitting there. 坐在那里很愉快。
It’s so nice sitting here with you. 和你坐在一起真好。
It’s good hearing English spoken. 听到人讲英语,我很高兴。
It’s terribly tiring working late like this. 这样干到深夜是非常累人的。
3. It is worth while doing sth. 如:
It’s worth while doing the work. 这项工作值得做。
Do you think it’s worth while quarrelling with me? 你认为和我吵值得吗?
4. 其他句式。如:
It doesn’t matter wasting a little money. 浪费一点钱没有关系。
It felt funny being dressed like a peasant girl. 打扮成村姑感到有点怪怪的。
What’s it like being married? 结婚是什么味道?
三、形式主语可用于代替哪些从句
原则上说,it用作形式主语可以代替下列从句:
1. that从句
It is quite clear that he has read the book. 很显然,他读过这本书。
2. what从句
It doesn’t matter what he says. 他说什么没关系。
It was clear enough what he meant. 他的意思是很明显的。
3. who从句
It hasn’t been decided who will be sent to work there. 还没决定将派谁到那里工作。
4. how从句
It struck her how gentle he was being. 她深深感到他多么温存。
5. when从句
It hasn’t been made clear when the conference is to take place. 会议什么时候召开还没有宣布。
6. where从句
It’s not known where she went. 她到哪里去了没人知道。
It did not matter much where he lived. 他在哪里住都没有关系。
7. why从句
It was clear why he had asked for a conference. 他为什么要求召开会议,原因很清楚。
8. whether从句
It makes little difference whether we go or stay. 我们去还是留没有多大差别。
It’s not yet settled whether I am going to America. 我去不去美国还没定。
四、使用形式主语有哪些需要注意的特殊句式
it用作形式主语有不少非常有用的句式,比如以下一些就值得注意:
1. 用于It seems (appears) that...句式。如:
It seems that he knows everything. 他好像什么都知道。
It appears that we may be mistaken. 看来我们可能弄错了。
但是,英语一般不说It looks that...,可改用It looks as if...。如:
It looks as if we’ll be late. 我们似乎要迟到了。
2. 用于It happens (occurs) that...句式。如:
It happened that I was standing next to him when he collapsed. 他倒下的时候我恰巧站在他旁边。
It didn’t occur to him that she would refuse his invitation. 他没有想到她会拒绝他的邀请。
3. 用于It follows that...句式。如:
He is wrong,but it does not follow that you are right. 他错了,但并不能由此推断你是对的。
She’s not in the office but it doesn’t necessarily follow that she’s ill. 她不在办公室,并不见得就是病了。
五、关于if和when从句前使用形式主语的问题
当系表结构后接有if 或when引出的状语从句时,通常在系表结构前使用形式主语it来表示说话人对某情况的看法。如:
It would be a pity if we missed the show. 如果我们错过演出,那会很遗憾的。
It was a great surprise to me when he did a thing like that. 他这样做使我很吃惊。
(编辑 陈根花)