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制定及贯彻作业指导书和换活调整指导书,使作业标准化,是全面质量管理中的一项重要工作。早在十九世纪末,美国人泰罗就从研究工人的操作方法入手,制定出了一整套科学的管理理论──“泰罗制”。泰罗等人认为:“必须用科学方法对工人的操作方法、工具劳动和休息时间的搭配、机器的安排和作业环境的布置等进行分析,消除各种不合理的因素,把各种最好的因素结合起来,形成一种最好的方法”。本世纪五十年代,苏联工程师郭瓦廖夫提出了“对比分析法”,用来推行操作合理化。同时,在英、美、日等国还出现了“工效学”,这是一门研究人和机器、环境的相互作用及其合理结合的学科,其目的是为了工人在生产中提高效率,保证安全和减轻疲劳。
The formulation and implementation of work instructions and changes in adjustment instructions to standardize operations are an important task in total quality management. As early as the end of the nineteenth century, American Tero started by studying the methods of operation of workers and worked out a set of scientific management theories - the “Taylor system.” Tauro et al. believe that: “Scientific methods must be used to analyze workers’ methods of operation, tool labor and break times, machine arrangements and work environment arrangements, eliminate all kinds of unreasonable factors, and put all kinds of The factors combine to form the best method.” In the fifties of this century, Soviet engineer Guwalev put forward the “comparative analysis method” to promote the rationalization of operations. At the same time, “ergonomics” has emerged in countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan. This is a discipline that studies the interaction between humans and machines and the environment and the rational combination of them. Its purpose is to improve the efficiency of workers in production and ensure Safe and reduce fatigue.