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本研究以黄土高原沟壑区的典型代表长武塬为研究区,选取苹果园生态系统为研究对象,通过测定土壤蒸发、植物蒸腾、土壤含水量等水量平衡的各个组分,以月为时间尺度,分析初果园(9龄)和盛果园(19龄)林地系统的水量平衡状况,以期正确认识和评价黄土高原大面积种植苹果经济林的生态水文效应。结果表明:1)苹果林生态系统蒸散贡献量由小到大依次为冠层截留、土壤蒸发和果树蒸腾,初果园的土壤蒸发作用大于盛果园,而盛果园的蒸腾作用却大于初果园;2)土壤蒸发量及果树蒸腾量具有先增大后降低的趋势,土壤蒸发较果树蒸腾最大值出现提早一个月,土壤蒸发量6月份出现最大值,果树蒸腾最大值出现在7月;3)2014年盛果园、初果园5-8月总的平衡项分别为19.2 mm和-36.7 mm,占该时段降水量的7.9%和15.1%;2015年盛果园5-9月总平衡项为15.7 mm,占该时段降水量的4.3%,初果园5-9月的平衡项为-0.1 mm。研究结果可为黄土塬区农田、果园结构调整和土壤有限水资源的持续利用提供理论依据。
In this study, a typical representative of the gully region of the Loess Plateau gully area Changwuyuan as the study area, select the apple orchard ecosystem as the research object, by measuring soil evaporation, plant transpiration, soil moisture and other water balance of the various components, monthly time scale The water balance of forest land system in early orchard (9th) and Shengguoyuan (19th) was analyzed in order to correctly understand and evaluate the eco-hydrological effects of large-scale planting of apple trees in the Loess Plateau. The results showed as follows: 1) The contribution of evapotranspiration to apple orchard ecosystem was followed by canopy interception, soil evaporation and fruit tree transpiration. The soil evaporation in early orchard was greater than that in Sheng orchard, while the transpiration in Sheng orchard was larger than that in early orchard.2. Soil evaporation and fruit tree transpiration increased first and then decreased. Soil evaporation occurred one month earlier than the maximum value of tree transpiration. Soil evaporation reached the maximum in June and the maximum of tree transpiration occurred in July. 3) 2014 The total balance items of Nian Sheng Orchard and the early orchard in May-August are 19.2 mm and -36.7 mm respectively, accounting for 7.9% and 15.1% of precipitation in this period. The total balance of May or September in Shengnong Garden is 15.7 mm, Accounting for 4.3% of precipitation during this period, the initial balance of the project from May to September -0.1 mm. The results can provide theoretical basis for the sustainable utilization of farmland and orchard structure and limited soil water resources in the Loess Plateau.