论文部分内容阅读
熏蒸药剂残留对食品、环境的危害问题使得相关标准制定单位采取措施严格限制熏蒸剂的使用。二十年前曾经使用的多数熏蒸剂如今已所剩无几。甲基溴具有较高效的杀虫效果,但是由于它对臭氧层的破坏严重,发达国家已于2005年淘汰使用,发展中国家也将于2015年之前淘汰甲基溴。比较而言,现今使用普遍的仍是磷化氢,然而近年来害虫对磷化氢的抗性问题显得日益严重。这些熏蒸药剂的种种局限,已经向食品企业提出了新的全球性的挑战,要求致力于寻找新的熏蒸剂,开发新的替代技术。目前,被提及的新的熏蒸剂有硫酰氟、氧硫化碳(carbonyl sulphide)、环氧丙烷(propyleneoxide)、甲基碘(methyl iodide)、臭氧(ozone)、甲酸甲酯(ethyl formate)和氢氰酸(hydrogencyanide)。硫酰氟被认为是很有前景的熏蒸剂替代品,可用来有效地保护储藏食品、食品加工设备免受害虫危害,而且还可以作为一种检疫用的熏蒸剂。其它一些新开发的熏蒸剂由于只对特定种类的储藏物品有效或在特定条件下才有效,所以使用的局限性很大。试验证明:具有挥发性的植物提取剂有较好的使用前景,但还需要大量的商业生产验证试验,而且在投入生产实践之前还需要一系列的认证程序。可成功替代熏蒸药剂的众多气体处理技术有:气调技术、高温结合气调技术以及进一步开发用作特定用途的高压二氧化碳技术。当前研究开发的是低压环境下的气调技术。这些研究证明气调技术很有市场前景,应当作为全球开发的新方法的一个典范。
Fumigation residues on food, the environmental hazards make the relevant standards-making units to take measures to strictly limit the use of fumigants. Most fumigants that were used twenty years ago are now running out. Methyl bromide has a more potent insecticidal effect, but because of its devastating effects on the ozone layer, developed countries were phased out in 2005 and developing countries are also to phase out methyl bromide by 2015. In comparison, phosphine is still commonly used today, but the resistance of pests to phosphine has become increasingly serious in recent years. The limitations of these fumigation agents have posed new global challenges to food companies, seeking commitment to finding new fumigants and developing new alternative technologies. Currently, the new fumigants mentioned are sulfuryl fluoride, carbonyl sulphide, propyleneoxide, methyl iodide, ozone, ethyl formate, And hydrogencyanide. Sulfuryl fluoride is considered as a promising alternative to fumigant, which can be used to effectively protect stored food and food processing equipment from pests, but also as a quarantine fumigant. Some other newly developed fumigants are very limited in their use because they are effective only for certain types of stored items or under certain conditions. Experiments show that volatile plant extractants have good prospects for use, but also require a large number of commercial production verification tests, and put into production before the practice also requires a series of certification process. A number of gas treatment technologies that can successfully replace fumigation agents include gas-conditioning technology, high-temperature gas-phase technology and the further development of high-pressure carbon dioxide technology for specific applications. The current research and development is the atmosphere of low-voltage technology. These studies demonstrate that gas-phase technology has great market prospects and should serve as a model for the new methods developed globally.