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生产价格是政治经济学的一个重要范畴。在社会主义经济中,由于各企业和部门所占用的资金相差很大,只有以平均利润率为尺度,以生产价格为定价基础,才能较全面地衡量和比较各企业和不同部门对社会的贡献,发挥社会主义竞争的作用,从而促进各企业和部门用有限的资金取得最大的经济效果。同价值一样,生产价格也属于难以计算的量。但生产价格的定量计算却是一个理论性和实践性都很强的问题。在《资本论》第三卷中,马克思运用定性分析和定量分析相结合的方法,以一个包括五部门的模型为例,阐明了平均利润率的形成和商品价值转化为生产价格的科学理论。本文试图用这一学说作为主要依据,对生产价格的一般模型进行具体的探讨。
Production price is an important category of political economy. In the socialist economy, since the funds occupied by various enterprises and departments vary greatly, only by taking average profit margin as a yardstick and production price as the basis for pricing can we more fully measure and compare the contribution made by various enterprises and different departments to the society So as to give play to the role of socialist competition so as to encourage all enterprises and departments to obtain the maximum economic results with limited funds. As with value, the price of production is also an uncalculated quantity. However, the quantitative calculation of production prices is a very theoretical and practical issue. In the third volume of Capital, Marx applied a combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis to a model that includes five departments as an example, clarifying the formation of an average profit rate and the conversion of commodity value into a scientific theory of production price. This paper attempts to use this theory as the main basis for a detailed discussion of the general model of production prices.