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摘要：本文从地区，具体产业分析两方面入手，以“产业集群效应”为分析主线，详细阐释了上海张江医药产业集群的建立背景，运作情况以及未来展望。适合来华投资的医药外资企业，国内医药企业，以及相关政策制定方阅读参考。
关键词：医药产业 集群 研究 展望
一、Executive Summary
In this report, we will look into the Shanghai Zhangjiang Pharmaceutical Cluster. Located in Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai, one of the fastest developing region of China, with high quality human resources, and dense R&D centers, this pharmaceutical cluster has taken initial shape of its unique value chain after more than 10 years of development
Through “diamond” and other detailed analysis, we try to shed light on whether Shanghai is able to build a successful pharmaceutical cluster, discuss the challenges for further development and give out our recommendations as well.
二、Cluster Analysis
2.1 Favorable Home Base
Shanghai has been a long time a manufactory city, specialized in textile. The shift occurred after the reform of 1978. Shanghai became an important place for several key economic sectors as chemical and pharmaceutical, ship and car industries, machinery, steel, paper and printing products. In 1984, Volkswagen set up the first foreign car manufactory of China in Shanghai.
The growth of the GDP of Shanghai had been more than 10% annually between 1985 and 1999. Nowadays, around 10%, and it is still one of the highest of China. In 2006, the GDP per capita is around $7000 while in the rest of the China it’s on average around $1800.
Shanghai is therefore one of the most dynamic places of China, and according to several experts, it is not going to stop. Indeed, the Chinese government wants henceforth to set up also a main financial framework in Shanghai. They intend to make the Shanghai Stock Exchange one of the most important financial places in the world in the next decades. Shanghai seems to have the ideal home base to set up a successful industry and to develop several clusters as the pharmaceutical one.
2.2 Diamond Analysis for Shanghai Pharmaceutical Cluster
Exhibit 1 Shanghai Pharmaceutical Cluster Diamond
Factor (Input) Conditions
Shanghai is one of the most talent-intensive metropolises in China, with 8 top medical universities, 10 international research centers and hundreds of R&D centers launched by respective companies. International pharmaceutical companies, for instance, Novartis has started up its 7th international research center in Shanghai. The cluster is also a focal area for national R&D funding. In 2009, the State Council decided to invest 32.8 billion Yuan ($4.95 Billion) for the development of altogether 11 high-tech research programs, with pharmaceutical industry included. With the joint efforts in both national and industrial level, more technological breakthroughs will be made by the huge talent pool in the cluster.
In terms of public services, the most notable event is the founding of Shanghai Zhangjiang Pharmaceutical Public Information Service Platform (registered as Shanghai Pharma-Engine Co., LTD) in April 25th, 2009, where solutions and consulting services to pharmaceutical enterprises about new drug development and clinical research was provided . The establishment of this platform was one of the governmental promotions with the yearly goal of providing 5000 consulting services to enterprises and bringing up 20 infant pharmaceutical companies.
The physical infrastructure in the cluster is quite well-established. Enjoying one of the most developed transportation systems in the world encompassing ports (the world’s No.1 cargos handling capacity); railways, airports and highways, companies within the cluster can easily transport their materials and products domestically and abroad. Apart from transportation, the electricity stability, abundant water supply and highly developed telecommunicating system are all key elements of the cluster’s advanced physical infrastructure.
As the common competitive advantage throughout China, low cost of land and human capital is easy to access. By spreading their value chain, international companies in Shanghai Pharmaceutical Cluster are able to reduce their total cost for hiring employees. Although this low cost will eventually disappear as the cluster itself develops further on, it is still a crucial advantage at the current stage.
Context for firm strategy and rivalry
Shanghai is a city of dynamism, providing its pharmaceutical cluster a right context for improving productivity and innovation capacity. The cluster is located inside Zhangjiang High-tech Park, with other industries such as computer software, video games developing, etc. By the end of year 2007, some 540 patent applications have been made including 30 international ones .
Companies inside the cluster are faced with fierce competition against each other. According to statistics, by the beginning of 2008, there are 265 pharmaceutical companies gathering in the cluster. The number is developing with an annual speed of approximately 10%, meaning at least 350 companies are now competing currently .
Rivalry might lead to two different methodologies of competing, namely differentiation and cost leadership. Due to the fact that pharmaceutical industry is more knowledge-based rather than labor-intensive, cost leadership strategy will only deteriorate every single company and eventually the whole cluster. The only way to struggle through the fierce rivalry is the differentiation strategy, here presented as products upgrading and innovating. Fortunately, most of the companies are in the right track. A bunch of innovation-oriented companies have made their achievements in different segments of the pharmaceutical industry, including cardiovascular medication, fluorescence treatment and protein drugs.
Domestic Demand Conditions
China is the country of the largest population all over the world. Thus the huge amount of patients demanding for medical treatment is the NO.1 accelerator for the Chinese pharmaceutical industry. According to estimation by population experts, Chinese population will reach its peak level of 1.6 billion around the year 2035. The growing population means the growing demand for medical treatment. It is reported that every 1% of Chinese population growth will lead to the medicine consumption of an extra 370 million Yuan. A great growth potential exists in pharmaceutical sector.
First of all, in the year 2004, China was already the world’s No.7 medicine market and prediction shows by the end of the year 2010, the sales revenue of medicine in China will reach $24 billion. Furthermore, by the year 2020, China is likely to become the world’s No.1 medicine market. The large population base only partly accounts for this; another factor worth mentioning is the growing aging problems of Chinese society. By the year 2020, number of people over 65 years old will have accounted for 11.8% of the overall Chinese population and more than 80% of the overall consumption of medicines .
Secondly, people’s perception about medicines has now changed greatly. Conventionally, medical treatment was thought to be the last solution for patients and Chinese medicine is the first choice by Chinese people. As internalization hits China, people began to realize that western medicines are far more effective and easy to take as compare to Chinese medicine soups. Additionally, medicine becomes more a measure of prevention of illness than solutions; not only real patients, but also those suffering from sub-health, a status between healthy and sick, are willing to buy medicines.
This trend reveals the growing local demand for medicines and the growing demand for the sophistication of medicines. Consumers in China are becoming more particular and strict about the pharmaceutical products because they view medicines more as daily articles.
Related and supporting industries
Starting from the analysis of the location of the cluster, it is easy to get an overview of the related and supporting industries around the Shanghai Pharmaceutical Cluster for the first step.
As was mentioned, the cluster is located in Zhangjiang High-tech Park, together with several other clusters, which to some extend support the development of the pharmaceutical cluster. And viewing the Zhangjiang Park from a wider perspective, that is, the whole picture of this area in Shanghai (Pudong District), a lot of other similar parks can be seen, such as Lujiazui Financial Center, Jingqiao Manufacturing Park, Yangshan Free Trade Port Area, etc. All of the industries gather together in the 1210-square-kilometer administrative region are called Pudong District . It is obvious that the information technology cluster and the software technology cluster facilitate the R&D development of the pharmaceutical cluster the most. And within the whole Pudong District, the Financial Center and the Free Trade Port Area are crucial to the financing and transportation of pharmaceutical cluster.
三、Issues and Recommendations
3.1 Government Extraction
Looking back to the birth of Shanghai Pharmaceutical Cluster, it’s obvious that it is shaped totally by the government. It was part of the “11th Five Year Plan” of Shanghai, and was initiated through an agreement signed by the State Ministry of Science and Technology, the State Ministry of Health, the State Food and Drug Administration, China Academy of Science and Shanghai Municipal Government in 1996. As has been analyzed above, Shanghai has a favorable home base and promising diamond for bio-pharmaceutical industry. It is justified to say that choosing Shanghai to develop the cluster is a reasonable and wise decision. Government played a positive role in shaping the cluster.
Preferential Policies
Preferential Policies cover areas including: financial and tax support, capital support, human resources support, the Customs policy and so on. Those policies provide incentives for self-innovation, industry upgrade, boost service sector, encourage venture capital etc. With the intervention of government, the policies created a favorable diamond for the cluster from all around.
Challenge of Extraction
Since the cluster is taking shape, with elements of “the diamond” in place, it’s time for the government to think of how to gradually extract itself out of the cluster nurturing and boost the cluster’s inner impetus of development.
The role of government in starting a cluster should be one who constantly upgrades the diamond conditions, promotes fair competition and creates a free atmosphere for all participants. The government played a dominant role in the beginning of Shanghai cluster, but further intervention and involvement may bring problems such as too much bureaucracy, not enough competition, and improper policies tangling with market incentives and so on.
3.2 Intellectual Property Rights Protection.
Pharmaceutical innovation is vulnerable for its long developing circle, large inputs and low outputs. A lack of protection of Intellectual Property Rights will definitely hinder the development of the cluster.
It also includes the issue of the information sharing between local and foreign companies. By attracting FDI, an underlying goal is to learn the know-how from foreign companies and use that knowledge to upgrade our own companies. However, on the side of foreign companies, their ultimate reason is tax cuts and cheap labor, and may be unwilling to share the technology. This dilemma is at core of further development of Shanghai pharmaceutical cluster, for whether it can upgrade from a cheap-labor, low cost based cluster to a technology and innovation based one.
3.3 Institutions of Collaboration
A very important feature of cluster development is the free flow of information among related industries and institutions, which highly promotes innovation, sharing know-how, and competition. That’s why institutions of collaboration are an important issue when talking about the development of cluster.
Shanghai Zhangjiang Pharmaceutical Public Information Service Platform was established as a tool to encourage exchange of information, boost innovation and increase competitiveness of the cluster. But the connection among all supporting industries was not self-initiated; it was designed by the government plan. At present, this platform is not utilized as much as it should have been. A better use of this information platform needs to be addressed. Challenges of cultural gaps with foreign research institutions, technology boundaries, and lack of connection among related industries are major obstacles that require solution, in order to upgrade the cluster.
3.4 Recommendations
For the government
Further upgrade the diamond by infrastructure construction, preferential policies.
Enacting laws on Intellectual Property Rights, especially focusing on the issue of sharing know-how between local and foreign companies.
Encourage fair competition by setting and perfecting industry regulations.
Avoid extra intervention by leaving the control to market incentives, industry associations and institutions of collaboration.
Using policy incentives to strengthen the connection among related industries as well as the flow of information.
Direct the cluster to innovation and technology-based cluster.
For company strategies
Fully leverage the home base advantage, ally with related companies by setting up collaborated research centers and information databases.
Import new technology and learn the know-how rather than rely on the cheap cost.
Diversify the portfolio of investment by attracting capital from private sector rather than only from government lending.
Focusing on developing a unique value chain, which includes cooperative relationship with hospitals and medical schools, transportation companies, and so on.
Setting up Chinese medicine research centers, and put efforts into the combination of Chinese and western medicines, to meet the growing need for Chinese medicine and expand the market.
References：
1.Resource from http://www.pharma-engine.com/EN/index.asp, homepage of Shanghai Zhangjiang Pharmaceutical Public Information Service Platform.
2.Resource from the homepage of ZHANGJIANG HIGH-TECH PARK, http://www.zjpark.com/Second.aspx?infoitem_id=65&infoitem_pid=5
3. Resource from the homepage of ZHANGJIANG HIGH-TECH PARK, general introduction of the cluster, http://www.zjpark.com/Second.aspx?infoitem_id=384&infoitem_pid=213&CPI=1
注：本文中所涉及到的图表、注解、公式等内容请以PDF格式阅读原文
关键词：医药产业 集群 研究 展望
一、Executive Summary
In this report, we will look into the Shanghai Zhangjiang Pharmaceutical Cluster. Located in Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai, one of the fastest developing region of China, with high quality human resources, and dense R&D centers, this pharmaceutical cluster has taken initial shape of its unique value chain after more than 10 years of development
Through “diamond” and other detailed analysis, we try to shed light on whether Shanghai is able to build a successful pharmaceutical cluster, discuss the challenges for further development and give out our recommendations as well.
二、Cluster Analysis
2.1 Favorable Home Base
Shanghai has been a long time a manufactory city, specialized in textile. The shift occurred after the reform of 1978. Shanghai became an important place for several key economic sectors as chemical and pharmaceutical, ship and car industries, machinery, steel, paper and printing products. In 1984, Volkswagen set up the first foreign car manufactory of China in Shanghai.
The growth of the GDP of Shanghai had been more than 10% annually between 1985 and 1999. Nowadays, around 10%, and it is still one of the highest of China. In 2006, the GDP per capita is around $7000 while in the rest of the China it’s on average around $1800.
Shanghai is therefore one of the most dynamic places of China, and according to several experts, it is not going to stop. Indeed, the Chinese government wants henceforth to set up also a main financial framework in Shanghai. They intend to make the Shanghai Stock Exchange one of the most important financial places in the world in the next decades. Shanghai seems to have the ideal home base to set up a successful industry and to develop several clusters as the pharmaceutical one.
2.2 Diamond Analysis for Shanghai Pharmaceutical Cluster
Exhibit 1 Shanghai Pharmaceutical Cluster Diamond
Factor (Input) Conditions
Shanghai is one of the most talent-intensive metropolises in China, with 8 top medical universities, 10 international research centers and hundreds of R&D centers launched by respective companies. International pharmaceutical companies, for instance, Novartis has started up its 7th international research center in Shanghai. The cluster is also a focal area for national R&D funding. In 2009, the State Council decided to invest 32.8 billion Yuan ($4.95 Billion) for the development of altogether 11 high-tech research programs, with pharmaceutical industry included. With the joint efforts in both national and industrial level, more technological breakthroughs will be made by the huge talent pool in the cluster.
In terms of public services, the most notable event is the founding of Shanghai Zhangjiang Pharmaceutical Public Information Service Platform (registered as Shanghai Pharma-Engine Co., LTD) in April 25th, 2009, where solutions and consulting services to pharmaceutical enterprises about new drug development and clinical research was provided . The establishment of this platform was one of the governmental promotions with the yearly goal of providing 5000 consulting services to enterprises and bringing up 20 infant pharmaceutical companies.
The physical infrastructure in the cluster is quite well-established. Enjoying one of the most developed transportation systems in the world encompassing ports (the world’s No.1 cargos handling capacity); railways, airports and highways, companies within the cluster can easily transport their materials and products domestically and abroad. Apart from transportation, the electricity stability, abundant water supply and highly developed telecommunicating system are all key elements of the cluster’s advanced physical infrastructure.
As the common competitive advantage throughout China, low cost of land and human capital is easy to access. By spreading their value chain, international companies in Shanghai Pharmaceutical Cluster are able to reduce their total cost for hiring employees. Although this low cost will eventually disappear as the cluster itself develops further on, it is still a crucial advantage at the current stage.
Context for firm strategy and rivalry
Shanghai is a city of dynamism, providing its pharmaceutical cluster a right context for improving productivity and innovation capacity. The cluster is located inside Zhangjiang High-tech Park, with other industries such as computer software, video games developing, etc. By the end of year 2007, some 540 patent applications have been made including 30 international ones .
Companies inside the cluster are faced with fierce competition against each other. According to statistics, by the beginning of 2008, there are 265 pharmaceutical companies gathering in the cluster. The number is developing with an annual speed of approximately 10%, meaning at least 350 companies are now competing currently .
Rivalry might lead to two different methodologies of competing, namely differentiation and cost leadership. Due to the fact that pharmaceutical industry is more knowledge-based rather than labor-intensive, cost leadership strategy will only deteriorate every single company and eventually the whole cluster. The only way to struggle through the fierce rivalry is the differentiation strategy, here presented as products upgrading and innovating. Fortunately, most of the companies are in the right track. A bunch of innovation-oriented companies have made their achievements in different segments of the pharmaceutical industry, including cardiovascular medication, fluorescence treatment and protein drugs.
Domestic Demand Conditions
China is the country of the largest population all over the world. Thus the huge amount of patients demanding for medical treatment is the NO.1 accelerator for the Chinese pharmaceutical industry. According to estimation by population experts, Chinese population will reach its peak level of 1.6 billion around the year 2035. The growing population means the growing demand for medical treatment. It is reported that every 1% of Chinese population growth will lead to the medicine consumption of an extra 370 million Yuan. A great growth potential exists in pharmaceutical sector.
First of all, in the year 2004, China was already the world’s No.7 medicine market and prediction shows by the end of the year 2010, the sales revenue of medicine in China will reach $24 billion. Furthermore, by the year 2020, China is likely to become the world’s No.1 medicine market. The large population base only partly accounts for this; another factor worth mentioning is the growing aging problems of Chinese society. By the year 2020, number of people over 65 years old will have accounted for 11.8% of the overall Chinese population and more than 80% of the overall consumption of medicines .
Secondly, people’s perception about medicines has now changed greatly. Conventionally, medical treatment was thought to be the last solution for patients and Chinese medicine is the first choice by Chinese people. As internalization hits China, people began to realize that western medicines are far more effective and easy to take as compare to Chinese medicine soups. Additionally, medicine becomes more a measure of prevention of illness than solutions; not only real patients, but also those suffering from sub-health, a status between healthy and sick, are willing to buy medicines.
This trend reveals the growing local demand for medicines and the growing demand for the sophistication of medicines. Consumers in China are becoming more particular and strict about the pharmaceutical products because they view medicines more as daily articles.
Related and supporting industries
Starting from the analysis of the location of the cluster, it is easy to get an overview of the related and supporting industries around the Shanghai Pharmaceutical Cluster for the first step.
As was mentioned, the cluster is located in Zhangjiang High-tech Park, together with several other clusters, which to some extend support the development of the pharmaceutical cluster. And viewing the Zhangjiang Park from a wider perspective, that is, the whole picture of this area in Shanghai (Pudong District), a lot of other similar parks can be seen, such as Lujiazui Financial Center, Jingqiao Manufacturing Park, Yangshan Free Trade Port Area, etc. All of the industries gather together in the 1210-square-kilometer administrative region are called Pudong District . It is obvious that the information technology cluster and the software technology cluster facilitate the R&D development of the pharmaceutical cluster the most. And within the whole Pudong District, the Financial Center and the Free Trade Port Area are crucial to the financing and transportation of pharmaceutical cluster.
三、Issues and Recommendations
3.1 Government Extraction
Looking back to the birth of Shanghai Pharmaceutical Cluster, it’s obvious that it is shaped totally by the government. It was part of the “11th Five Year Plan” of Shanghai, and was initiated through an agreement signed by the State Ministry of Science and Technology, the State Ministry of Health, the State Food and Drug Administration, China Academy of Science and Shanghai Municipal Government in 1996. As has been analyzed above, Shanghai has a favorable home base and promising diamond for bio-pharmaceutical industry. It is justified to say that choosing Shanghai to develop the cluster is a reasonable and wise decision. Government played a positive role in shaping the cluster.
Preferential Policies
Preferential Policies cover areas including: financial and tax support, capital support, human resources support, the Customs policy and so on. Those policies provide incentives for self-innovation, industry upgrade, boost service sector, encourage venture capital etc. With the intervention of government, the policies created a favorable diamond for the cluster from all around.
Challenge of Extraction
Since the cluster is taking shape, with elements of “the diamond” in place, it’s time for the government to think of how to gradually extract itself out of the cluster nurturing and boost the cluster’s inner impetus of development.
The role of government in starting a cluster should be one who constantly upgrades the diamond conditions, promotes fair competition and creates a free atmosphere for all participants. The government played a dominant role in the beginning of Shanghai cluster, but further intervention and involvement may bring problems such as too much bureaucracy, not enough competition, and improper policies tangling with market incentives and so on.
3.2 Intellectual Property Rights Protection.
Pharmaceutical innovation is vulnerable for its long developing circle, large inputs and low outputs. A lack of protection of Intellectual Property Rights will definitely hinder the development of the cluster.
It also includes the issue of the information sharing between local and foreign companies. By attracting FDI, an underlying goal is to learn the know-how from foreign companies and use that knowledge to upgrade our own companies. However, on the side of foreign companies, their ultimate reason is tax cuts and cheap labor, and may be unwilling to share the technology. This dilemma is at core of further development of Shanghai pharmaceutical cluster, for whether it can upgrade from a cheap-labor, low cost based cluster to a technology and innovation based one.
3.3 Institutions of Collaboration
A very important feature of cluster development is the free flow of information among related industries and institutions, which highly promotes innovation, sharing know-how, and competition. That’s why institutions of collaboration are an important issue when talking about the development of cluster.
Shanghai Zhangjiang Pharmaceutical Public Information Service Platform was established as a tool to encourage exchange of information, boost innovation and increase competitiveness of the cluster. But the connection among all supporting industries was not self-initiated; it was designed by the government plan. At present, this platform is not utilized as much as it should have been. A better use of this information platform needs to be addressed. Challenges of cultural gaps with foreign research institutions, technology boundaries, and lack of connection among related industries are major obstacles that require solution, in order to upgrade the cluster.
3.4 Recommendations
For the government
Further upgrade the diamond by infrastructure construction, preferential policies.
Enacting laws on Intellectual Property Rights, especially focusing on the issue of sharing know-how between local and foreign companies.
Encourage fair competition by setting and perfecting industry regulations.
Avoid extra intervention by leaving the control to market incentives, industry associations and institutions of collaboration.
Using policy incentives to strengthen the connection among related industries as well as the flow of information.
Direct the cluster to innovation and technology-based cluster.
For company strategies
Fully leverage the home base advantage, ally with related companies by setting up collaborated research centers and information databases.
Import new technology and learn the know-how rather than rely on the cheap cost.
Diversify the portfolio of investment by attracting capital from private sector rather than only from government lending.
Focusing on developing a unique value chain, which includes cooperative relationship with hospitals and medical schools, transportation companies, and so on.
Setting up Chinese medicine research centers, and put efforts into the combination of Chinese and western medicines, to meet the growing need for Chinese medicine and expand the market.
References：
1.Resource from http://www.pharma-engine.com/EN/index.asp, homepage of Shanghai Zhangjiang Pharmaceutical Public Information Service Platform.
2.Resource from the homepage of ZHANGJIANG HIGH-TECH PARK, http://www.zjpark.com/Second.aspx?infoitem_id=65&infoitem_pid=5
3. Resource from the homepage of ZHANGJIANG HIGH-TECH PARK, general introduction of the cluster, http://www.zjpark.com/Second.aspx?infoitem_id=384&infoitem_pid=213&CPI=1
注：本文中所涉及到的图表、注解、公式等内容请以PDF格式阅读原文