避讳就是对某些人的名字不能直接称呼和书写,而要用其他方法代替。我国古代有着广泛、严格的避讳,分为国讳和家讳。国讳是让臣民对皇帝的名字禁忌,凡遇着皇帝的名字不能直说直写,汉代以后连孔子的名字也包括在国讳的范围内。家讳就是遇到祖先和长辈的名字,全家要自觉地避而不谈、不写,要用其他词语代替。 Avoiding embarrassment means that some people’s names cannot be directly addressed and written, but must be replaced by other methods. Ancient China has a wide range of strict avoidance, divided into countries and families. The country officials are forbidden to subject the emperor to the taboo of the emperor’s name. Whenever the emperor’s name cannot be spoken directly, the name of Confucius after the Han dynasty was also included in the scope of the State Council. Family ancestry is the name of the ancestors and elders. The family must consciously avoid talking or writing, and use other words instead.