Background The potential application of retinoic acid receptor activators,such as all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA),for treating various cancers have been studied both pre-clinically and clinically.Whether ATRA has an anticancer effect on human esophageal squamous cancer cell (ESCC) is still unknown.We have explored the anticancer effect of ATRA in ESCC,and in this study,the effects of ATRA on levels and patterns of expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signal transduction pathway in transplantable tumor growth of the human ESCC cell line,EC9706,in nude mice.Methods The animal model of the ESCC xenograft was made by subcutaneous implantation of tumor cells into nude mice.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),Western blotting and immunohistochemical assays were used to detect the expression of the VEGF signal transduction pathway in ESCC xenograft tissues.Results Compared to the control group,the tumor inhibition rates in the low dose ATRA,high dose ATRA,and 5-FU groups were 83.21%,88.32%,91.02%,respectively.The protein and mRNA levels of VEGF were down-regulated after being treated with ATRA and 5-FU compared to the control group (P ＜0.05).The study also revealed that ATRA specifically down-regulated VEGF and the component of the VEGF signal transduction pathway of CD31,CD34,and CD105 (component of the TGF-β receptor) in ESCC xenograft tissues (P ＜0.05).Conclusions ATRA can significantly inhibit tumor growth and has anticancer effects on transplantable tumor growth of human ESCC cell line EC9706 in nude mice.These findings indicate that ATRA specifically down regulated VEGF and the components of VEGF signal transduction,which may be an important mechanism responsible for the neoangiogenesis inhibition of ESCC cells.