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一杰里米·边沁(1748—1832),是一位著名的法学家。他第一次将完全符合资产阶级需要的功利主义思想和原则适用于法学研究,首创了功利主义法学。边沁认为功利原则是人间法律的出发点和归宿,是法律制定和实施的唯一准则。他认为任何应然原则只不过是实际情况的总结,一切脱离实际空想出来的应然原则是荒谬的。因此,边沁抛弃了几个世纪以来虚构的自然法学规则,并以具体的人的功利需求取而代之。他认为法律产生于“服从的习惯”,为了维护每个人的功利就必然需要有一个由强者组成的最高权威制定出法律,并且迫使弱者服从。边沁由此推导出的法律定义包含了三层涵义——法律是“由国家统治者设计或采纳”,是对被统治者的强迫性命令,“是宣布意志的符合的集合体”。边沁的“法律命令说”真实地反映了当时英国法的实际状况,部分地说明了法律的本质。
A Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), is a famous jurist. For the first time, he applied utilitarianism ideas and principles that fully met the needs of the bourgeoisie to jurisprudence research and pioneered utilitarian jurisprudence. Bentham holds that the principle of utilitarianism is the starting point and end-result of human laws and is the only criterion for the formulation and implementation of laws. In his opinion, any principle of response should only be a summary of the actual situation. All this should be absurdly absurdly unrealistic. Thus, Bentham abandoned the fictitious rules of natural law dating back centuries and replaced it with the utilitarian needs of specific people. He believes that the law stems from the “habit of obedience,” and in order to safeguard the individual’s utilitarians, there must necessarily be a supreme authority made up by the powerful to make laws and to force the weak to submit. Bentham’s resulting legal definition includes three meanings: the law is “designed or adopted by the state rulers,” an obsessive order on the ruled, and “a congruent group of declared declarations.” Bentham’s “Law Order” truly reflected the actual conditions of the English law at that time and partly explained the essence of the law.