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摘 要:外來入侵植物分泌的化感物质能够影响本地植物的生长生理特性,养分水平对入侵植物的化感潜力有重要影响。该文通过将番茄植株分别与同种番茄、南美蟛蜞菊、蟛蜞菊植株相邻原位种植,以15%、25%、50%、75%的Hoagland培养液模拟不同养分水平开展温室控制实验,探究在不同养分水平下入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊及其亲缘植物蟛蜞菊的化感作用对本地植物番茄叶绿素荧光参数及生物量的影响。结果表明:(1)番茄在75%养分水平下的叶绿素荧光参数和生物量显著优于其余3个养分水平。(2)随着养分水平降低,番茄叶片的PS Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PS Ⅱ实际光合量子产量 [Y(Ⅱ)]、光化学淬灭系数(qp)及植株的总生物量显著减少,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)和植株根系生物量的分配比例增加。(3)在25% Hoagland培养液处理下,与南美蟛蜞菊混植番茄的Fv/Fm、Y(Ⅱ)、qp和总生物量显著低于与蟛蜞菊混植番茄,NPQ和根系生物量的分配比例显著高于与蟛蜞菊混植番茄。综上结果说明南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊可能通过根系分泌化感物质抑制番茄的生长发育,且南美蟛蜞菊的化感作用强于蟛蜞菊,而增加栽培基质中的养分水平可以显著降低南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊对番茄的化感胁迫作用。
关键词:化感作用,养分水平,叶绿素荧光参数,总生物量,生物量分配
中图分类号:Q945
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1000-3142(2021)08-1354-09
Abstract: Allelochemicals secreted by invasive alien plants can affect the growth and physiological characteristics of native plants, and nutrient availabilities have an important influence on the allelopathic potential of invasive plants. The Lycopersicon esculentum planted in situ was adjacent to the same species of L. esculentum, Sphagneticola trilobata and S. calendulacea, and 15%, 25%, 50% and 75% Hoagland solution were simulated different nutrient availabilities in greenhouse control experiments, in order to investigate the allelopathic effects of the invasive plant S. trilobata and its native congener S. calendulacea on leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and biomass of the native plant Lycopersicon esculentum under different nutrient availabilities. The results were as follows: (1) The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and biomass of L. esculentum at 75% Hoagland solution were significantly higher than those of the other three nutrient availabilities. (2) As the nutrient availabilities decreased, PS Ⅱ maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), effective PS Ⅱ quantum yield [Y(Ⅱ)], photochemical quenching coefficient (qp) of L. esculentum leaves and the total biomass of L. esculentum plants were remarkably reduced, while non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) and the biomass allocation to roots were increased. (3) Under 25% Hoagland solution, Fv/Fm, Y(Ⅱ), qp and total biomass of L. esculentum planted with Sphagneticola trilobata were remarkably lower than those of Lycopersicon esculentum planted with Sphagneticola calendulacea, NPQ and the biomass allocation to roots were remarkably higher than those of Lycopersicon esculentum planted with Sphagneticola calendulacea. The above results demonstrate that S. trilobata and S. calendulacea may inhibit the growth of Lycopersicon esculentum through the secretion of allelochemicals in roots, and the allelopathic effects of Sphagneticola trilobata is stronger than S. calendulacea. Therefore, increasing nutrient availabilities in cultivation substrate can dramatically reduce the allelopathic effects of S. trilobata and S. calendulacea on Lycopersicon esculentum. Key words: allelopathic effects, nutrient availability, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, total biomass, biomass allocation
南美蟛蜞菊(Sphagneticola trilobata)为原产南美洲的菊科(Asteraceae)蟛蜞菊属(Sphagneticola O. Hoffm.)植物(Wang et al., 2012; Qi et al., 2014),具有强大的无性繁殖能力和抗干扰能力,在我国东北部、东部、南部及沿海等地广泛分布,主要生长于路边、水沟、草地和农田边沿,同时攀援于公园、风景区、住宅绿地等地(吴颜琼等, 2005; Song et al., 2010)。近年来,由于南美蟛蜞菊的肆意蔓延,加之农民在清除田埂杂草时常被作为有机肥踩入水田中浸沤或被作为绿肥用以覆盖旱地作物,导致南美蟛蜞菊频发于农田,造成农作物严重缺苗,且普遍长势较差,产量较低(聂呈荣等, 2004; Wu et al., 2008; Xie et al., 2010)。蟛蜞菊(S. calendulacea)是与南美蟛蜞菊同科同属的本土物种,与南美蟛蜞菊具有相同的生活史特征,主要分布于我国东部、南部省(區),尚未对生长地的生态系统造成危害(易立等, 2014; 袁伟影等, 2017)。
外来入侵植物主要通过根系分泌、茎叶挥发、雨水淋溶和残留物腐解等途径产生化感物质抑制本地植物的生长发育(Bainard et al., 2009; Kim & Lee, 2011; 周健等, 2017)。浸提法是目前国内外研究植物化感作用最常用的方法,即采用无机或有机溶剂作为浸提剂提取植物组织或土壤有机质中的化感物质作用于另一植物的种子或幼苗(阎飞等, 2000)。研究表明,南美蟛蜞菊不同部位的浸提液对油菜、菜心、萝卜、水稻、番茄等常见农作物的种子萌发、根系活力、光合特性、幼苗生长等都具有一定的危害(Nie et al., 2005; 孙见凡等, 2013; Zhang et al., 2013; 柯展鸿等, 2014)。将蟛蜞菊的浸提液作用于萝卜和菜心种子,结果显示两种作物的种子萌发和幼苗生长也受到了显著的抑制(柯展鸿等, 2014)。然而,化感物质在浸提过程中可能会发生化学变化,导致提取的化感物质与自然条件下所产生的化感物质在质与量上均有所区别(陈绍莉和周宝利, 2010; Zimdahl & Robert, 2018)。此外,土壤中包含昆虫、细菌、真菌等复杂的生物群落,这些生物可能会参与化感物质的变迁过程,导致化感物质的转化或转移(Jabran & Farooq, 2013)。虽然浸提法存在潜在的问题,但国内外对于开展南美蟛蜞菊与本地植物混种的共培养试验较少。吴易等(2014)进行了南美蟛蜞菊与番茄共培养的盆栽试验,但并未采取措施将两种植物的根系分隔,因此,无法区分抑制番茄生长的因素是南美蟛蜞菊的化感作用还是竞争作用。
植物产生和释放化感物质的能力与土壤养分水平的变化密切相关(肖辉林等, 2006; 陈淑芳, 2009; 李秋玲等, 2012)。土壤养分胁迫条件使喀麦隆森林中大多数草本植物叶片中的酚酸类化感物质显著增加(Mckey et al., 1978),也使得植物产生的萜类化感物质大大增加(Sombrero, 1992)。杂草胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)挥发油在不同养分水平下的化感作用强度具有显著性差异,随着养分水平的降低,胜红蓟挥发油对萝卜、绿豆和黑麦草的化感作用明显增强(徐涛等, 1999)。但也有相反的研究结果,土壤中养分的缺乏降低了烟叶中绿原酸的含量(Armstrong et al., 1971)。与较高水肥条件相比,较低水肥环境下的水稻化感品种华航1号的化感潜力下降,且化感物质没有显著变化(胡飞等, 2003)。
叶绿素荧光与光合作用中各反应过程紧密相关,任何外界环境变化对光合作用各过程产生的影响都可通过体内叶绿素荧光诱导动力学变化反映出来(蔡建国等, 2017; 徐晨等, 2018)。叶绿素荧光动力学测定技术快捷、灵敏、无需破坏细胞,更能反映植物“内在性”的特点,因而被视为研究植物光合作用与环境关系的内在探针。近年来,这项技术被广泛用于植物生长的光合机理、逆境生理等研究领域(鲍海泳等, 2013)。生物量作为植物积累物质最基本的数量特征,反映了植物获取能量的能力,当植物遭受胁迫时,生物量降低(胡玉昆等, 2007)。同时,环境因素会影响植物地上地下生物量的分配格局。当处于优越生境时,植物将更多的生物量用于生长、地上生物量的分配增加;当处于干扰生境时,植物将更多的生物量用于生存、地下生物量的分配增加(马冰等, 2016)。
本研究选取南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊两种亲缘关系较近的菊科植物为作用对象,以对化感作用较敏感的常见农作物番茄为指示对象,通过在温室进行控制试验,探究在不同养分水平下南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊对番茄的化感作用,为生产实践中调控植物化感潜力保护农作物提供一定的理论依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料和试验设计
试验于2019年在四川师范大学温室大棚内进行,番茄种子购自商业种子供应商(Rieger-Hofmann, Germany),将种子在培养室中预培养4至7周,2019年秋选取长势良好且一致的番茄幼苗备用,并从田间采集了生长整齐一致的南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊的克隆分株为材料。
试验采用3种种植方式,分别为单一番茄种植、番茄与南美蟛蜞菊混植、番茄与蟛蜞菊混植。设置4个养分水平,以不同稀释倍数的Hoagland培养液(CaNO3·4H2O 945 mg·L-1,KNO3 506 mg·L-1,NH4NO3 80 mg·L-1,KH2PO4 136 mg·L-1,MgSO4·7H2O 493 mg·L-1,铁盐溶液2.5 mL·L-1,微量元素液5 mL·L-1,pH 6.0)代表不同的养分水平,分别为15%、25%、50%、75%,以一周为施肥周期,对各花盆施加350 mL对应浓度的培养液。试验共计12个处理组合,每个处理组合重复10次。 SOMBRERO C, 1992. Environmental control of essential oil production in Mediterranean plants [J]. Univ Read.
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(责任编辑 周翠鸣)
关键词:化感作用,养分水平,叶绿素荧光参数,总生物量,生物量分配
中图分类号:Q945
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1000-3142(2021)08-1354-09
Abstract: Allelochemicals secreted by invasive alien plants can affect the growth and physiological characteristics of native plants, and nutrient availabilities have an important influence on the allelopathic potential of invasive plants. The Lycopersicon esculentum planted in situ was adjacent to the same species of L. esculentum, Sphagneticola trilobata and S. calendulacea, and 15%, 25%, 50% and 75% Hoagland solution were simulated different nutrient availabilities in greenhouse control experiments, in order to investigate the allelopathic effects of the invasive plant S. trilobata and its native congener S. calendulacea on leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and biomass of the native plant Lycopersicon esculentum under different nutrient availabilities. The results were as follows: (1) The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and biomass of L. esculentum at 75% Hoagland solution were significantly higher than those of the other three nutrient availabilities. (2) As the nutrient availabilities decreased, PS Ⅱ maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), effective PS Ⅱ quantum yield [Y(Ⅱ)], photochemical quenching coefficient (qp) of L. esculentum leaves and the total biomass of L. esculentum plants were remarkably reduced, while non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) and the biomass allocation to roots were increased. (3) Under 25% Hoagland solution, Fv/Fm, Y(Ⅱ), qp and total biomass of L. esculentum planted with Sphagneticola trilobata were remarkably lower than those of Lycopersicon esculentum planted with Sphagneticola calendulacea, NPQ and the biomass allocation to roots were remarkably higher than those of Lycopersicon esculentum planted with Sphagneticola calendulacea. The above results demonstrate that S. trilobata and S. calendulacea may inhibit the growth of Lycopersicon esculentum through the secretion of allelochemicals in roots, and the allelopathic effects of Sphagneticola trilobata is stronger than S. calendulacea. Therefore, increasing nutrient availabilities in cultivation substrate can dramatically reduce the allelopathic effects of S. trilobata and S. calendulacea on Lycopersicon esculentum. Key words: allelopathic effects, nutrient availability, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, total biomass, biomass allocation
南美蟛蜞菊(Sphagneticola trilobata)为原产南美洲的菊科(Asteraceae)蟛蜞菊属(Sphagneticola O. Hoffm.)植物(Wang et al., 2012; Qi et al., 2014),具有强大的无性繁殖能力和抗干扰能力,在我国东北部、东部、南部及沿海等地广泛分布,主要生长于路边、水沟、草地和农田边沿,同时攀援于公园、风景区、住宅绿地等地(吴颜琼等, 2005; Song et al., 2010)。近年来,由于南美蟛蜞菊的肆意蔓延,加之农民在清除田埂杂草时常被作为有机肥踩入水田中浸沤或被作为绿肥用以覆盖旱地作物,导致南美蟛蜞菊频发于农田,造成农作物严重缺苗,且普遍长势较差,产量较低(聂呈荣等, 2004; Wu et al., 2008; Xie et al., 2010)。蟛蜞菊(S. calendulacea)是与南美蟛蜞菊同科同属的本土物种,与南美蟛蜞菊具有相同的生活史特征,主要分布于我国东部、南部省(區),尚未对生长地的生态系统造成危害(易立等, 2014; 袁伟影等, 2017)。
外来入侵植物主要通过根系分泌、茎叶挥发、雨水淋溶和残留物腐解等途径产生化感物质抑制本地植物的生长发育(Bainard et al., 2009; Kim & Lee, 2011; 周健等, 2017)。浸提法是目前国内外研究植物化感作用最常用的方法,即采用无机或有机溶剂作为浸提剂提取植物组织或土壤有机质中的化感物质作用于另一植物的种子或幼苗(阎飞等, 2000)。研究表明,南美蟛蜞菊不同部位的浸提液对油菜、菜心、萝卜、水稻、番茄等常见农作物的种子萌发、根系活力、光合特性、幼苗生长等都具有一定的危害(Nie et al., 2005; 孙见凡等, 2013; Zhang et al., 2013; 柯展鸿等, 2014)。将蟛蜞菊的浸提液作用于萝卜和菜心种子,结果显示两种作物的种子萌发和幼苗生长也受到了显著的抑制(柯展鸿等, 2014)。然而,化感物质在浸提过程中可能会发生化学变化,导致提取的化感物质与自然条件下所产生的化感物质在质与量上均有所区别(陈绍莉和周宝利, 2010; Zimdahl & Robert, 2018)。此外,土壤中包含昆虫、细菌、真菌等复杂的生物群落,这些生物可能会参与化感物质的变迁过程,导致化感物质的转化或转移(Jabran & Farooq, 2013)。虽然浸提法存在潜在的问题,但国内外对于开展南美蟛蜞菊与本地植物混种的共培养试验较少。吴易等(2014)进行了南美蟛蜞菊与番茄共培养的盆栽试验,但并未采取措施将两种植物的根系分隔,因此,无法区分抑制番茄生长的因素是南美蟛蜞菊的化感作用还是竞争作用。
植物产生和释放化感物质的能力与土壤养分水平的变化密切相关(肖辉林等, 2006; 陈淑芳, 2009; 李秋玲等, 2012)。土壤养分胁迫条件使喀麦隆森林中大多数草本植物叶片中的酚酸类化感物质显著增加(Mckey et al., 1978),也使得植物产生的萜类化感物质大大增加(Sombrero, 1992)。杂草胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)挥发油在不同养分水平下的化感作用强度具有显著性差异,随着养分水平的降低,胜红蓟挥发油对萝卜、绿豆和黑麦草的化感作用明显增强(徐涛等, 1999)。但也有相反的研究结果,土壤中养分的缺乏降低了烟叶中绿原酸的含量(Armstrong et al., 1971)。与较高水肥条件相比,较低水肥环境下的水稻化感品种华航1号的化感潜力下降,且化感物质没有显著变化(胡飞等, 2003)。
叶绿素荧光与光合作用中各反应过程紧密相关,任何外界环境变化对光合作用各过程产生的影响都可通过体内叶绿素荧光诱导动力学变化反映出来(蔡建国等, 2017; 徐晨等, 2018)。叶绿素荧光动力学测定技术快捷、灵敏、无需破坏细胞,更能反映植物“内在性”的特点,因而被视为研究植物光合作用与环境关系的内在探针。近年来,这项技术被广泛用于植物生长的光合机理、逆境生理等研究领域(鲍海泳等, 2013)。生物量作为植物积累物质最基本的数量特征,反映了植物获取能量的能力,当植物遭受胁迫时,生物量降低(胡玉昆等, 2007)。同时,环境因素会影响植物地上地下生物量的分配格局。当处于优越生境时,植物将更多的生物量用于生长、地上生物量的分配增加;当处于干扰生境时,植物将更多的生物量用于生存、地下生物量的分配增加(马冰等, 2016)。
本研究选取南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊两种亲缘关系较近的菊科植物为作用对象,以对化感作用较敏感的常见农作物番茄为指示对象,通过在温室进行控制试验,探究在不同养分水平下南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊对番茄的化感作用,为生产实践中调控植物化感潜力保护农作物提供一定的理论依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料和试验设计
试验于2019年在四川师范大学温室大棚内进行,番茄种子购自商业种子供应商(Rieger-Hofmann, Germany),将种子在培养室中预培养4至7周,2019年秋选取长势良好且一致的番茄幼苗备用,并从田间采集了生长整齐一致的南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊的克隆分株为材料。
试验采用3种种植方式,分别为单一番茄种植、番茄与南美蟛蜞菊混植、番茄与蟛蜞菊混植。设置4个养分水平,以不同稀释倍数的Hoagland培养液(CaNO3·4H2O 945 mg·L-1,KNO3 506 mg·L-1,NH4NO3 80 mg·L-1,KH2PO4 136 mg·L-1,MgSO4·7H2O 493 mg·L-1,铁盐溶液2.5 mL·L-1,微量元素液5 mL·L-1,pH 6.0)代表不同的养分水平,分别为15%、25%、50%、75%,以一周为施肥周期,对各花盆施加350 mL对应浓度的培养液。试验共计12个处理组合,每个处理组合重复10次。 SOMBRERO C, 1992. Environmental control of essential oil production in Mediterranean plants [J]. Univ Read.
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