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制度经济学的兴起把人类社会一切制度安排和制度现象纳入到了人们的分析视野,其中,国家被制度学者看作是理解产权安排与经济成长与否的一个重要变量。产权制度的好坏,决定了经济增长与否,但是,国家在制定产权制度和交易规则方面又是大权在握,所以,无论经济是增长还是衰退,与国家都有很大的关系。因此,美国的经济史教授道格拉斯·诺斯提出了一个悖论:“国家的存在是经济增长的关键,然而国家又是人为经济衰退的根源。”这就是著名的“诺斯悖论”。
The rise of institutional economics has brought all institutional arrangements and institutional phenomena of human society into the perspective of people’s analysis. Among them, the state is regarded as an important variable by institutional scholars to understand the arrangement of property rights and economic growth or not. The quality of the property rights system determines the economic growth or not. However, the state has the power to make property rights and trading rules. Therefore, whether the economy grows or declines, it has a great relationship with the country. Therefore, Douglas North, a professor of economic history in the United States, put forward a paradox: “The existence of a nation is the key to economic growth, but the country is at the root of the man-made economic recession.” This is the famous “North Paradox.”