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对于验证病因学假说的两种流行病学研究——群列调查和病例-对照调查,至为要紧的是选择适当的对照,这是需要周密设计的严格步骤。在开始时就必须注意到,“对照”一词带有特殊的含义。寻求测定一种新的血液试验正常值范围的生化学家,将需要一群“对照”的标本,理想的是他能获得人群随机样本的标本,但其困难是用作对照的实际人群,例如病人或医务人员,不能保证代表一般人群,以至于所测得的数值会与人群值显著不同。
For the two epidemiological studies that test the etiology hypothesis—cluster investigations and case-control investigations—it is crucial to choose the appropriate controls. This is a rigorous process that requires careful design. It must be noted at the outset that the term “control” has a special meaning. Biochemists seeking to determine a new range of normal values for blood tests will need a group of “control” specimens. Ideally, he can obtain specimens of random population samples, but the difficulty is the actual population used as controls, such as patients. Or medical personnel, can not guarantee to represent the general population, so that the measured value will be significantly different from the crowd value.