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【目的】通过对过去15年西北春谷早熟区区试谷子品种的产量及农艺性状进行综合分析,明晰了该区15年来谷子育种进展,并提出今后的发展方向,为该区新品种选育及产业发展提供理论指导。【方法】基于2001—2015年国家区域试验西北春谷早熟区的数据,对参试品种及通过鉴定品种的主要农艺性状、产量性状进行比较与分析,同时对通过鉴定的18个品种进行了抗逆性分析。【结果】2001—2015年西北春播早熟区共有85个新品系参加国家区试,12个常规品种和6个杂交种达到新品种鉴定标准通过鉴定,新育成品种比对照增产10%以上的品种有3个,其中,常规品种1个为大同32,杂交种2个分别为张杂谷1号和张杂谷15号。参试品种和通过鉴定品种的产量平均数在年度间表现了较大差异,但总体趋势表现为产量潜力水平的提高。参试品种穗长和千粒重年度间差异不显著,穗长基本稳定在23—27 cm,千粒重稳定在3—3.4 g,但参试品种的株高、单穗重、穗粒重年度间差异大,株高、单穗重、单穗粒重随年份有增加的趋势。通过鉴定的18个品种有13个生育期长于对照,5个短于对照,同时伴随着株高的增加,单穗重和穗粒重的提升,说明新育成品种生育期的延长和单株产量性状的提升。多元回归分析表明,生育期、株高、单穗重、穗粒重和出谷率决定了产量81.43%的变异,产量与穗粒重和单穗重呈显著正相关,穗粒重与株高、单穗重呈显著正相关。对通过鉴定品种的抗逆性分析表明,这15年该区主要病害有红叶病和白发病,不同年份间不同品种都有一定发生,通过鉴定品种的抗倒性、抗旱性呈现下降趋势。【结论】2001—2015年春谷早熟区选育的品种产量有增加的趋势。影响产量的主要因素为单穗重和穗粒重,其次为株高、生育期,育种中应注意提高品种的综合性和各性状之间的协调性。生育期延长、株高增加、抗倒性降低等因素直接影响到早熟区品种产量的突破,同时也不利于谷子机械化生产的发展。早熟区品种选育应以中矮秆、抗倒性强、结实率高、品质优、适合机械化收获为发展方向。
【Objective】 Through the comprehensive analysis of the yield and agronomic traits of test grain in early spring paddy region of Northwest China in the past 15 years, the progress of millet breeding in this area for 15 years was clarified and the future development direction was proposed. Industrial development to provide theoretical guidance. 【Method】 The main agronomic traits and yield traits of the tested cultivars and the identified cultivars were compared and analyzed based on the data of the spring wheat precocious regions in Northwest China from 2001 to 2015. At the same time, 18 cultivars were identified Inverse analysis. 【Result】 A total of 85 new lines in the spring sown area of Northwest China from 2001 to 2015 participated in the national regional test. 12 conventional varieties and 6 hybrids reached the identification standard of new varieties. The cultivars with more than 10% 3, of which, a conventional breed Datong 32, two hybrids Zhang Zhagu 1 and Zhang Zhagu 15. The annual average yield of the tested cultivars and the certified cultivars showed significant differences, but the overall trend showed an increase in the yield potential. There was no significant difference between spike length and 1000-grain weight in the tested varieties. The spike length was basically stable at 23-27 cm and the 1000-grain weight was stable at 3-3.4 g. However, the differences among the tested varieties in plant height, , Plant height, single ear weight, grain weight per ear increased with the year trend. Among the 18 cultivars identified, 13 were longer than the control and 5 were shorter than the control, with the increase of plant height, single ear weight and grain weight per hectare, indicating the prolongation of growth period and single plant yield Trait improvement. Multiple regression analysis showed that the growth, plant height, spike weight, spike weight and grain yield determined the yield of 81.43%, the yield was significantly and positively correlated with the spike weight and the single spike weight, and the grain weight and plant height, Single panicle weight was a significant positive correlation. The analysis of the resistance of the tested cultivars showed that the major diseases in this area were red leaf disease and white hair disease in these 15 years, and different varieties had certain occurrences in different years. By the lodging resistance of the tested varieties, the drought resistance showed a downward trend. 【Conclusion】 The yield of varieties breeding in precocity area of Spring Valley in 2001-2015 tends to increase. The main factors affecting the yield were single panicle weight and grain weight, followed by plant height, growth period, breeding should pay attention to improve the comprehensiveness of varieties and the coordination between the traits. The prolongation of growth period, the increase of plant height, the reduction of lodging resistance and other factors have a direct impact on the breakthrough in the yield of varieties in precocious regions, and are not conducive to the development of millet mechanized production. Early maturing varieties of breeding should be in the dwarf, strong lodging resistance, high seed setting rate, good quality, suitable for mechanized harvest for the development.