论文部分内容阅读
摘要: 本文讨论如何通过优化阅读课的教学设计, 培养学生的阅读能力和综合运用语言的能力。
关键词: 阅读课 导入 立足课堂 思维活动
阅读是英语教学的难点和重点,阅读是理解和吸收语言信息最重要的手段,它能给学生提供更为丰富的教育教学资源,有助于他们开阔视野、丰富语言知识、扩大词汇量和了解英语国家的社会及文化等。Go for it 教材从八年级(下)开始在各单元增加了语篇阅读(Reading)并配有相关的练习。教材有意识地根据篇章的特点,注重让学生在阅读过程中逐步形成较系统有效的阅读策略和技巧。
对于如何优化英语阅读课的教学设计,提高英语阅读课的教学效果和培养学生的综合运用语言的能力,笔者做了以下的尝试。
一、 精心设计导入,激发阅读兴趣
课文的导入,实质上就是课文最初呈现,也是课文教学的“序曲”。巧妙而恰当的导入能先声夺人,使学生在心理上和知识上做好学习上的必要准备,引导学生进入良好的学习状态,激发兴趣和求知欲,从而自然地过渡到新内容的教学。导入部分应力求做到新颖别致、简练到位。
针对新目标英语教材课文类型较多的特点,我采用灵活多样的导入方法,设计恰当精炼的导入语进行课文的导入。下面试举几种常见的导入形式。
1.音像导入
在阅读开始前呈现与阅读材料相关的影像、声音等素材,补充相关主题的背景材料,能够帮助学生熟悉话题,预测内容,预测词汇,明确阅读目的,同时有助于激发学生的阅读兴趣,为阅读的开张做好语言知识、文化知识和情感态度的铺垫。
如在教新目标八年级上Unit 9 When was he born? 这一单元的有关我国著名钢琴演奏家李云迪的阅读文章时,在导入阶段, 我先播放了一首学生们很熟悉的钢琴家Richard Clayderman 的钢琴曲《秋日的私语》然后问到, “What do you know about this piece of music? A famous French pianist called Richard Clayderman performed this piece of music. Richard is a great pianist. He’s famous/well-known. 在介绍这位钢琴家的过程中, 呈现了本课的大部分生词, 为下面的阅读扫除了障碍。然后引入,There are also many outstanding pianists in China. One of them is a young man called Li Yundi. 并播放李云迪演奏钢琴的录象短片,视听结合,实现语言思维的同步发展,调动学生的听觉和视觉,学生的思维过程在生动形象的表象基础上积极进行,缩短学生与这位钢琴家的距离,唤起强烈的真实感, 极大地激发了学生的急于了解这位著名华人钢琴家的欲望和兴趣,通过音像素材导入并过渡到了本课的阅读材料。
2.事件或故事导入法
“题材紧密联系现实生活”是Go for it教材的一个显著特点。教师可以从此入手, 利用学生关心或熟悉的实例来导入新课,使学生产生亲切感和实用感。
如在教新目标八年级下Unit 3: Do you remember what you were doing?这篇阅读文章时,我结合前几天发生在温州本地的一件家喻户晓的一位名叫周大军的年轻外来务工人员见义勇为,壮烈献身的英勇事迹导入本文。先幻灯呈现勇士的照片及简介,然后引入,“This was one of the most famous events in Wenzhou in recent days. When did it happen/take place? What do you think of him? 望着照片上那帅气的,微笑着的年轻人,学生们纷纷举手表达自己对年轻的勇士的崇敬之情,“ I think he’s really brave. He is a real man. He is a hero in our hearts...” 然后我问道, “ What were you doing when you heard this news? Do you remember what you were doing?“ 在几个学生回答之后,我总结道, “ People often remember what they were doing when they heard the news of important events.”自然过渡到本篇阅读材料。
3.自由交谈或讨论导入法
这是最常见、最通用的一种方法,关键在于教师用简练的语言引出情境。教师利用新课开始前几分钟和学生进行自由交谈
如在导入新目标八年级下Unit 2 Maybe you should learn to relax! 这篇阅读文章时,我设计了一个情境Complaint Time (发牢骚时间)
T: In our daily life, we may complain about many things. We complain about bad weather, boring movies. What else do we complain about?
Ss: We complain about awful food, bad service...
T: Sometimes, we may complain that our neighborhood is not clean enough. What else do we complain?
Ss: We complain that our parents can’t understand us well. We complain that we have too much homework to do every day. We complain that our friends borrow our school things and don’t return them on time. We complain that our school uniforms are out of style...
学生对我设计的这个情境的非常感兴趣,纷纷举手畅所欲言, 然后我接过话题, “People nowadays complain that they are under too much pressure. Famous people say they are under too much pressure, adults say they are under too much pressure, teenagers also say they are under too much pressure. Do you think you’re under too much pressure?”很自然地引入本文话题。
4. 悬念导入法
在阅读课的导入阶段,适当设疑,利用悬念引入, 符合学生的心理特征, 能激发学生的好奇心,提高学生的阅读兴趣。
如在处理新目标八年级下Unit 7 Section B-3a I can’t stand it! 这两篇阅读材料的第二篇时,针对文章中作者说的, “Perhaps in the future, I should try not to be so polite.” 在导入阶段我设计了一张幻灯, 幻灯上一位面露不快的男孩说, “Perhaps in the future, I should try not to be so polite.” 我抓紧时机说, ”Usually we are supposed to be polite, and we should try to be polite in our lives. Why does he say probably in the future, he should try not to be so polite? What happened to him? What annoys him?” 于是, 學生的好奇心和阅读兴趣一下被激发出来, 迫不及待地到文章中去寻个究竟。
课文的导入方法很多。不同的教学内容应设计不同的导入技巧,将新内容有机地融合在导入活动中。同时注意时间不宜过长,3~5分钟为宜。导入方法除上述三种以外,还有情景导入法、表演导入法、背景导入法、复习导入法、单词、短语或句子导入法等等。其实,“导”无定法,切忌生搬硬套。英语教师应仔细琢磨,认真准备,灵活运用合适的导入方法,并在使用中不断创新,而且有些方法根据课文需要可结合起来同时使用。
二、活用教材,开展创造性的思维活动
阅读是一个积极主动思考地思考, 理解和接受信息的过程, 也是一种复杂的智力活动, 在阅读后开展创造性的思维活动。能进一步巩固学生的阅读成果, 延伸对阅读材料的学习。创造性的思维活动属于学生的一种有意义的信息输出过程, 也是交际性活动的一个重要环节。对一些开放性的问题的讨论或回答也可以说是阅读教学的亮点, 因为学生在讨论和回答的过程中展示的是他们对课文的深层理解。我们开展创造性的思维活动的目的在于引导学生联系社会实际和自身生活体验, 对相关话题进行讨论, 交流, 使学生进行发散性和创造性的思维活动。
如在教学新目标八年级下Unit 1: Do you think you will have your own robots? 时,我在阅读后设计了如下问题,: What will your life be like in the future with the help of robots? 学生们积极思维,充分发挥想象力,各抒己见,如:
S1: I think we will have more free time to relax ourselves in the future, because robots will help us with most of the housework at home. We won’t have to spend too much time doing chores around the house anymore.
S2: Our life will be more colorful and interesting. Because when we feel bored, a special robot will sing some nice songs for us and might even dance with us. In this way, we will feel less lonely.
S3: I think our life will be much easier, because robots will help do most of the dangerous work for us...
比如, 在教学新目标八年级下Unit 2: Maybe you should learn to relax.来,我设计了这么一个问题,“What should/ could you do to relax when you feel under too much pressure? 学生们积极开动脑筋,给出了各种各样的回答, 如:
S1: Maybe we could listen to some beautiful light music. Because beautiful music can always help make us feel relaxed. Or maybe we could read some funny stories to stay happy.
S2: Maybe we could take a vacation and do something relaxing. We could go to the beach and enjoy the nice sunshine.
S3: Maybe we could eat some delicious snacks when we feel under much pressure and we could also go shopping to buy some nice gifts for ourselves. In this way, you will feel more comfortable.
S4: Maybe we should take a walk in some quiet places. Or maybe we could take some exercise and then take a shower. I’m sure we will feel much better after that.
S5: Maybe we could go to climb a hill and then shout loudly on the top of the hill...
其中不乏一些有趣的,幽默的和有创意的想法。
再比如在教学新目标八年级上Unit 10, Section B-3a New Year’s Resolution Survey Results的过程中,我针对文中的提到的“Some parents are going to study the subjects their children learn at school. They want to communicate better with their kids.”设计了一个趣味性的问题, ” If you are a parent, what are you going to do to communicate better with your children?”
语言教学在传授知识的同时,也肩负着思想教育的功能。 因此,教师要善于挖掘教材中丰富的文化信息和思想内容。教师要鼓励学生发表自己的见解,允许学生争论并为学生创设自由、宽松和活泼的讨论氛围,以充分调动学生学习的积极性,激发学生的学习兴趣、激活其思维和情感,使其创造力得以发挥,并帮助其将所学的语言知识转化为用语言进行交际的能力。
三、 阅读策略的指导
英语阅读是一个复杂的心理语言活动过程。结合教材和学生特点及《英语课程标准》的要求,我在平时主要采用了下列几种操作性较强的做法,培养了学生的阅读技能和策略,收到了较好的效果。
1.整体理解文章大意——寻找主题句活动。
主题是一篇文章的基本內容,主题句(Topic Sentence)又常常置于篇首,告诉学生要善于抓住这个主题句,然后顺着这个主题找出整篇文章发展的自然逻辑关系,列出关键词。
2.浏览、扫读、预测活动。
在英语阅读中必须适时开展浏览、扫读、预测等活动,只有这样才能达到理想效果。浏览(Skimming)——迅速了解文章的大意和主题思想;扫读(Scanning)——以快速找出文章中的某些特定信息;预测(predicting)——根据标题或前文出现的信息对可能后继的信息作出包括词汇、结构、语义等方面的预测。
3.猜词判断活动。
在阅读过程中碰到生词,尽量少查字典,能猜则猜,力求让学生发挥自己的才能,解决阅读中遇到的问题,在平时教学中我要求学生从以下几方面去猜词:⑴同义词、反义词线索;⑵环境线索;⑶用途线索;⑷对比线索;⑸说明线索;⑹顺序线索;⑺根据构词法线索(如词根、前缀、后缀等)。通过实践学生这一方面的能力进步特别快。
阅读课教学虽然没有固定的教学模式, 但却有其内在的规律。教师只有树立以学生为主体的思想, 精心设计阅读教学过程,充分调动学生参与阅读的积极性,英语阅读课教学才能焕发活力,学生综合运用英语的能力才能得以提高。
参考文献:
[1]丁琳,陶战勇.阅读教学中的图表运用例谈.中小学英语教学与研究,2005 ,(5).
[2]何玉平.优化英语阅读课的教学设计.中小学外语教学,2005,(4).
[3]沈正南.高中学生阅读能力现状分析与对策.中小学外语教学,2005,(2).
[4]余怀松,刘骁明.英语阅读教学中激活背景知识的策略.中小学外语教学,2006,(5).
关键词: 阅读课 导入 立足课堂 思维活动
阅读是英语教学的难点和重点,阅读是理解和吸收语言信息最重要的手段,它能给学生提供更为丰富的教育教学资源,有助于他们开阔视野、丰富语言知识、扩大词汇量和了解英语国家的社会及文化等。Go for it 教材从八年级(下)开始在各单元增加了语篇阅读(Reading)并配有相关的练习。教材有意识地根据篇章的特点,注重让学生在阅读过程中逐步形成较系统有效的阅读策略和技巧。
对于如何优化英语阅读课的教学设计,提高英语阅读课的教学效果和培养学生的综合运用语言的能力,笔者做了以下的尝试。
一、 精心设计导入,激发阅读兴趣
课文的导入,实质上就是课文最初呈现,也是课文教学的“序曲”。巧妙而恰当的导入能先声夺人,使学生在心理上和知识上做好学习上的必要准备,引导学生进入良好的学习状态,激发兴趣和求知欲,从而自然地过渡到新内容的教学。导入部分应力求做到新颖别致、简练到位。
针对新目标英语教材课文类型较多的特点,我采用灵活多样的导入方法,设计恰当精炼的导入语进行课文的导入。下面试举几种常见的导入形式。
1.音像导入
在阅读开始前呈现与阅读材料相关的影像、声音等素材,补充相关主题的背景材料,能够帮助学生熟悉话题,预测内容,预测词汇,明确阅读目的,同时有助于激发学生的阅读兴趣,为阅读的开张做好语言知识、文化知识和情感态度的铺垫。
如在教新目标八年级上Unit 9 When was he born? 这一单元的有关我国著名钢琴演奏家李云迪的阅读文章时,在导入阶段, 我先播放了一首学生们很熟悉的钢琴家Richard Clayderman 的钢琴曲《秋日的私语》然后问到, “What do you know about this piece of music? A famous French pianist called Richard Clayderman performed this piece of music. Richard is a great pianist. He’s famous/well-known. 在介绍这位钢琴家的过程中, 呈现了本课的大部分生词, 为下面的阅读扫除了障碍。然后引入,There are also many outstanding pianists in China. One of them is a young man called Li Yundi. 并播放李云迪演奏钢琴的录象短片,视听结合,实现语言思维的同步发展,调动学生的听觉和视觉,学生的思维过程在生动形象的表象基础上积极进行,缩短学生与这位钢琴家的距离,唤起强烈的真实感, 极大地激发了学生的急于了解这位著名华人钢琴家的欲望和兴趣,通过音像素材导入并过渡到了本课的阅读材料。
2.事件或故事导入法
“题材紧密联系现实生活”是Go for it教材的一个显著特点。教师可以从此入手, 利用学生关心或熟悉的实例来导入新课,使学生产生亲切感和实用感。
如在教新目标八年级下Unit 3: Do you remember what you were doing?这篇阅读文章时,我结合前几天发生在温州本地的一件家喻户晓的一位名叫周大军的年轻外来务工人员见义勇为,壮烈献身的英勇事迹导入本文。先幻灯呈现勇士的照片及简介,然后引入,“This was one of the most famous events in Wenzhou in recent days. When did it happen/take place? What do you think of him? 望着照片上那帅气的,微笑着的年轻人,学生们纷纷举手表达自己对年轻的勇士的崇敬之情,“ I think he’s really brave. He is a real man. He is a hero in our hearts...” 然后我问道, “ What were you doing when you heard this news? Do you remember what you were doing?“ 在几个学生回答之后,我总结道, “ People often remember what they were doing when they heard the news of important events.”自然过渡到本篇阅读材料。
3.自由交谈或讨论导入法
这是最常见、最通用的一种方法,关键在于教师用简练的语言引出情境。教师利用新课开始前几分钟和学生进行自由交谈
如在导入新目标八年级下Unit 2 Maybe you should learn to relax! 这篇阅读文章时,我设计了一个情境Complaint Time (发牢骚时间)
T: In our daily life, we may complain about many things. We complain about bad weather, boring movies. What else do we complain about?
Ss: We complain about awful food, bad service...
T: Sometimes, we may complain that our neighborhood is not clean enough. What else do we complain?
Ss: We complain that our parents can’t understand us well. We complain that we have too much homework to do every day. We complain that our friends borrow our school things and don’t return them on time. We complain that our school uniforms are out of style...
学生对我设计的这个情境的非常感兴趣,纷纷举手畅所欲言, 然后我接过话题, “People nowadays complain that they are under too much pressure. Famous people say they are under too much pressure, adults say they are under too much pressure, teenagers also say they are under too much pressure. Do you think you’re under too much pressure?”很自然地引入本文话题。
4. 悬念导入法
在阅读课的导入阶段,适当设疑,利用悬念引入, 符合学生的心理特征, 能激发学生的好奇心,提高学生的阅读兴趣。
如在处理新目标八年级下Unit 7 Section B-3a I can’t stand it! 这两篇阅读材料的第二篇时,针对文章中作者说的, “Perhaps in the future, I should try not to be so polite.” 在导入阶段我设计了一张幻灯, 幻灯上一位面露不快的男孩说, “Perhaps in the future, I should try not to be so polite.” 我抓紧时机说, ”Usually we are supposed to be polite, and we should try to be polite in our lives. Why does he say probably in the future, he should try not to be so polite? What happened to him? What annoys him?” 于是, 學生的好奇心和阅读兴趣一下被激发出来, 迫不及待地到文章中去寻个究竟。
课文的导入方法很多。不同的教学内容应设计不同的导入技巧,将新内容有机地融合在导入活动中。同时注意时间不宜过长,3~5分钟为宜。导入方法除上述三种以外,还有情景导入法、表演导入法、背景导入法、复习导入法、单词、短语或句子导入法等等。其实,“导”无定法,切忌生搬硬套。英语教师应仔细琢磨,认真准备,灵活运用合适的导入方法,并在使用中不断创新,而且有些方法根据课文需要可结合起来同时使用。
二、活用教材,开展创造性的思维活动
阅读是一个积极主动思考地思考, 理解和接受信息的过程, 也是一种复杂的智力活动, 在阅读后开展创造性的思维活动。能进一步巩固学生的阅读成果, 延伸对阅读材料的学习。创造性的思维活动属于学生的一种有意义的信息输出过程, 也是交际性活动的一个重要环节。对一些开放性的问题的讨论或回答也可以说是阅读教学的亮点, 因为学生在讨论和回答的过程中展示的是他们对课文的深层理解。我们开展创造性的思维活动的目的在于引导学生联系社会实际和自身生活体验, 对相关话题进行讨论, 交流, 使学生进行发散性和创造性的思维活动。
如在教学新目标八年级下Unit 1: Do you think you will have your own robots? 时,我在阅读后设计了如下问题,: What will your life be like in the future with the help of robots? 学生们积极思维,充分发挥想象力,各抒己见,如:
S1: I think we will have more free time to relax ourselves in the future, because robots will help us with most of the housework at home. We won’t have to spend too much time doing chores around the house anymore.
S2: Our life will be more colorful and interesting. Because when we feel bored, a special robot will sing some nice songs for us and might even dance with us. In this way, we will feel less lonely.
S3: I think our life will be much easier, because robots will help do most of the dangerous work for us...
比如, 在教学新目标八年级下Unit 2: Maybe you should learn to relax.来,我设计了这么一个问题,“What should/ could you do to relax when you feel under too much pressure? 学生们积极开动脑筋,给出了各种各样的回答, 如:
S1: Maybe we could listen to some beautiful light music. Because beautiful music can always help make us feel relaxed. Or maybe we could read some funny stories to stay happy.
S2: Maybe we could take a vacation and do something relaxing. We could go to the beach and enjoy the nice sunshine.
S3: Maybe we could eat some delicious snacks when we feel under much pressure and we could also go shopping to buy some nice gifts for ourselves. In this way, you will feel more comfortable.
S4: Maybe we should take a walk in some quiet places. Or maybe we could take some exercise and then take a shower. I’m sure we will feel much better after that.
S5: Maybe we could go to climb a hill and then shout loudly on the top of the hill...
其中不乏一些有趣的,幽默的和有创意的想法。
再比如在教学新目标八年级上Unit 10, Section B-3a New Year’s Resolution Survey Results的过程中,我针对文中的提到的“Some parents are going to study the subjects their children learn at school. They want to communicate better with their kids.”设计了一个趣味性的问题, ” If you are a parent, what are you going to do to communicate better with your children?”
语言教学在传授知识的同时,也肩负着思想教育的功能。 因此,教师要善于挖掘教材中丰富的文化信息和思想内容。教师要鼓励学生发表自己的见解,允许学生争论并为学生创设自由、宽松和活泼的讨论氛围,以充分调动学生学习的积极性,激发学生的学习兴趣、激活其思维和情感,使其创造力得以发挥,并帮助其将所学的语言知识转化为用语言进行交际的能力。
三、 阅读策略的指导
英语阅读是一个复杂的心理语言活动过程。结合教材和学生特点及《英语课程标准》的要求,我在平时主要采用了下列几种操作性较强的做法,培养了学生的阅读技能和策略,收到了较好的效果。
1.整体理解文章大意——寻找主题句活动。
主题是一篇文章的基本內容,主题句(Topic Sentence)又常常置于篇首,告诉学生要善于抓住这个主题句,然后顺着这个主题找出整篇文章发展的自然逻辑关系,列出关键词。
2.浏览、扫读、预测活动。
在英语阅读中必须适时开展浏览、扫读、预测等活动,只有这样才能达到理想效果。浏览(Skimming)——迅速了解文章的大意和主题思想;扫读(Scanning)——以快速找出文章中的某些特定信息;预测(predicting)——根据标题或前文出现的信息对可能后继的信息作出包括词汇、结构、语义等方面的预测。
3.猜词判断活动。
在阅读过程中碰到生词,尽量少查字典,能猜则猜,力求让学生发挥自己的才能,解决阅读中遇到的问题,在平时教学中我要求学生从以下几方面去猜词:⑴同义词、反义词线索;⑵环境线索;⑶用途线索;⑷对比线索;⑸说明线索;⑹顺序线索;⑺根据构词法线索(如词根、前缀、后缀等)。通过实践学生这一方面的能力进步特别快。
阅读课教学虽然没有固定的教学模式, 但却有其内在的规律。教师只有树立以学生为主体的思想, 精心设计阅读教学过程,充分调动学生参与阅读的积极性,英语阅读课教学才能焕发活力,学生综合运用英语的能力才能得以提高。
参考文献:
[1]丁琳,陶战勇.阅读教学中的图表运用例谈.中小学英语教学与研究,2005 ,(5).
[2]何玉平.优化英语阅读课的教学设计.中小学外语教学,2005,(4).
[3]沈正南.高中学生阅读能力现状分析与对策.中小学外语教学,2005,(2).
[4]余怀松,刘骁明.英语阅读教学中激活背景知识的策略.中小学外语教学,2006,(5).