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亚当·斯密和马克思的分析表明分工通过作用于劳动者技巧、劳动时间和劳动工具,可以提高劳动生产力。而马克思则进一步指出,分工也能给劳动者带来枷锁的另一重效果。亚当·斯密认为,分工是源于人类要求互相交换这个倾向;马克思则认为分工背后有一个统一意志在推动指挥,这个统一意志在马克思时代就是资本。在劳动过程当中,外在于劳动者的意志所推动的分工称为被动分工,正是这种分工给工人铸成枷锁,而由劳动者自觉意识综合所推动的分工则称为自觉分工。
Analysis by Adam Smith and Marx shows that division of labor can increase labor productivity by acting on the skills of workers, working hours, and tools of labor. However, Marx further pointed out that the division of labor can bring another effect to the laborers. Adam Smith believes that division of labor comes from the tendency of human beings to exchange with each other. Marx believes that there is a united will behind the division of labor in promoting command. This unified will is capital in the Marxist era. In the process of labor, the division of labor that is driven by the will of the outside workers is called passive division of labor. It is this division of labor which shackles the workers. The division of labor driven by the comprehensive consciousness of workers is called the division of labor.